Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We determined the effect of dietary starch on growth performance and feed utilization in European sea bass juveniles. Data on the dietary regulation of key hepatic enzymes of the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, lipogenic and amino acid metabolic pathways (hexokinase, HK; glucokinase, GK; pyruvate kinase, PK; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, FBPase; glucose-6-phosphatase, G6Pase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; alanine aminotransferase, ALAT; aspartate aminotransferase, ASAT and glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) were also measured. Five isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isolipidic (14% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 10% normal starch (diet NS10), 10% waxy starch (diet WS10), 20% normal starch (diet NS20), 20% waxy starch (diet WS20) or no starch (control diet). Another diet was formulated with no carbohydrate, and contained 68% crude protein and 14% crude lipids (diet HP). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial weight: 23.3 g) on an equivalent feeding scheme for 12 weeks. The best growth performance and feed efficiency were achieved with fish fed the HP diet. Neither the level nor the nature of starch had measurable effects on growth performance of sea bass juveniles. Digestibility of starch was higher with waxy starch and decreased with increasing levels of starch in the diet. Whole-body composition and plasma metabolites, mainly glycemia, were not affected by the level and nature of the dietary starch. Data on enzyme activities suggest that dietary carbohydrates significantly improve protein utilization associated with increased glycolytic enzyme activities (GK and PK), as well as decreased gluconeogenic (FBPase) and amino acid catabolic (GDH) enzyme activities. The nature of dietary carbohydrates tested had little influence on performance criteria.
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PMID:Effect of normal and waxy maize starch on growth, food utilization and hepatic glucose metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. 1634 62

The toxic effect of ammonia on rCHO-GS cell decreased obviously due to the transfection of GS system in serum-free culture. The maximum cell density, 15.6 x 10(5) cells/mL was obtained in the culture with 1.42 mmol/L ammonia. The growth of rCHO-GS cell was inhibited with an increased ammonia concentration. However, a cell density of 8.9 x 10(5) cells/mL was obtained when the concentration of ammonia was 12.65mmol/L. The intracellar metabolic pathways were affected due to the decrease of the toxic effect of ammonia on rCHO-GS cell. With the increase of initial ammonia concentration from 0.36mmol/L to 12.65mmol/L, the yield coefficients of cell to glucose and lactate to glucose decreased. The activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased by 43%, 140% and 25%, respectively, indicating that the utilization of glucose increased and the glycolysis pathway was more prone to efficient energy metabolism pathway. An increased activity of glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase (GPT) showed that the conversation from glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate was shifted to glutamate-pyruvate transamination pathway. The deamination pathway was inhibited due to a decreased activity of glutamate dehydrogenase. In addition, the number of cells in G0/G1 phase increased and the specific production rate of recombinant protein increased by 2.1-fold with the increase of initial ammonia concentration from 0.36mmol/L to 12.65mmol/L.
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PMID:[Metabolism of recombinant CHO-GS cell reducing of toxic effect of ammonia]. 1657 47

Chlorella strain (UTEX 27) maintains optimal photosynthetic capacity when growing photoautotrophically in the presence of ammonium. Nitrate-grown photoautotrophic cells, however, show a drastic loss of chlorophyll content and ribulose-1,6-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, resulting in a greater than 10-fold decrease in photosynthetic capacity and growth rate. Nitrate-grown cells are not deficient in protein content, and under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, the alga can utilize nitrate as well as it does ammonium. The alga metabolizes both glucose and acetate in the dark with a doubling time of 5 to 6 hours. However, its growth on acetate is inhibited by light. Ribulose-1,6-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity correlates well with photosynthetic capacity, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activities are altered in a manner consistent with the availability of glucose in growing cells. The alga appears to assimilate ammonium under photoautotrophic conditions primarily via the glutamine synthetase pathway, and shows an induction of both NADH and NADPH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase pathways under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Multiple isoforms are present only for hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Etiolated nitrate-grown cells resume greening and increase their photosynthetic capacity after about 6 hours of incubation in the presence of ammonium under photoautotrophic conditions. Similarly, the loss of photosynthetic capacity in ammonium-grown photoautotrophic cells commence about 9 hours after their transfer to heterotrophic nitrate containing media.
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PMID:Regulation of Chloroplast Development by Nitrogen Source and Growth Conditions in a Chlorella protothecoides Strain. 1666 75

We assessed the daily patterns of parameters involved in energy metabolism in plasma and brain of rainbow trout. Where daily rhythms were found, we analyzed the potential influence of feeding. Immature rainbow trout were randomly distributed in 3 groups: fish fed for 7 days, fish fasted for 7 days, and fish fasted for 7 days and refed for 4 days. On sampling day, fish of fed and refed groups were fed at 11.00 h, and all fish were sampled from each treatment group using the following time schedule: 14.00, 18.00, 21.00, 00.00, 04.00, 07.00, 10.00 and 14.00 h. The results obtained from metabolic parameters assessed in plasma and brain can be grouped into three different categories, such as (i) those displaying no 24 h changes in fed fish such as plasma lactate, protein or acetoacetate levels, as well as brain amino acid and protein levels, and lowKm(glucose) hexokinase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities, (ii) those displaying 24 h changes that were apparently dependent on feeding since they disappeared in fasted fish such as the case of plasma cortisol, glucose and triglyceride levels, as well as brain glycogen, glucose, and lactate levels, and pyruvate kinase and hexokinase IV activities, and (iii) those parameters displaying 24 h changes apparently not dependent on feeding such as plasma amino acids, brain acetoacetate levels as well as several enzyme activities measured in brain such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase-oxidase. In general, 24 h changes dependent on feeding indicate an increased use of glucose in brain several hours post-feeding whereas those changes not dependent on feeding were characterized by reduced levels/activity at the night period suggesting a metabolic depression in brain during darkness.
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PMID:Daily changes in parameters of energy metabolism in brain of rainbow trout: dependence on feeding. 1712 77

We assessed the daily patterns of parameters involved in energy metabolism in liver, white muscle, and gills of rainbow trout. Where daily rhythms were found, we analyzed the potential influence of feeding. Immature rainbow trout were randomly distributed in 3 groups: fish fed for 7 days, fish fasted for 7 days, and fish fasted for 7 days and refed for 4 days. On sampling day, fish of fed and refed groups were fed at 11.00 h, and all fish were sampled from each treatment group using the following time schedule: 14.00, 18.00, 21.00, 00.00, 04.00, 07.00, 10.00 and 14.00 h. The results obtained from metabolic parameters can be grouped into four different categories, such as i) those displaying no daily changes in any group assessed in liver (acetoacetate and lactate levels), white muscle (protein levels, and low Km (glucose) hexokinase (HK) and HK-IV activities) and gills (protein levels), ii) those displaying no 24 h changes in fed fish but in refed or fasted fish in liver (glucose, glycogen, amino acid and protein levels, and HK-IV activity), white muscle (glycogen and amino acid levels) and gills (glucose levels), iii) those displaying 24 h changes that were apparently dependent on feeding since they disappear in fasted fish in liver (Low Km (glucose) HK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-O), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) , alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (Asp-AT) activities), white muscle (glucose levels, and pyruvate kinase (PK), LDH-O, G3PDH and Asp-AT activities) and gills (glycogen and lactate levels, and Low Km (glucose) HK, HK-IV, LDH-O and Asp-AT activities), and iv) those parameters displaying 24 h changes apparently not dependent on feeding in liver (lactate levels and PK activity) and gills (amino acid levels, and PK and GDH activities). In general, most 24 h changes observed were dependent on feeding and can be also related to daily changes in activity.
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PMID:Daily changes in parameters of energy metabolism in liver, white muscle, and gills of rainbow trout: dependence on feeding. 1731 50

We evaluated the effect of dietary starch level on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body composition and activity of selected key enzymes of intermediary metabolism in gilthead sea bream juveniles reared at 18 and 25 degrees C. A diet was formulated to contain 48% crude protein, 12% lipids and 30% gelatinized maize starch (diet 30GS). Two other diets were formulated to include the same level of ingredients as diet 30GS except for the gelatinized starch, which was included at 20% (diet 20GS) or 10% (diet 10GS). No adjustment to diet composition was otherwise made. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of gilthead sea bream (30 g initial mass) for 8 weeks, on a pair-feeding scheme. The higher temperature improved growth performance but the opposite was true for feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Independently of temperature, growth performance, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were lower in fish fed diet 30GS. No effect of temperature or dietary starch level on whole-body composition was noticed. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen were higher at 18 degrees C and, within each temperature, in fish fed diet 30GS. Glycemia was not affected by temperature, but was lower in fish fed diet 10GS. Data on enzyme activities showed that increasing water temperature enhances liver glucokinase (GK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, suggesting that gilthead sea bream is more apt to use dietary starch at higher temperatures. No effect of temperature was noticed on hexokinase (HK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. Dietary starch enhanced PK and FBPase activities while depressed GDH activity, suggesting a lack of significant regulation of hepatic glucose utilization and production in this species. HK, GK and G6PD activities were unaffected by dietary composition. Irrespectively of water temperature, gelatinized starch may be included up to 20% in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles; at higher dietary levels, growth and efficiency of feed utilization are depressed.
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PMID:Effect of water temperature and dietary starch on growth and metabolic utilization of diets in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. 1858 42

The potential importance of carbohydrates and amino acids as fuels during periods of fasting and aestivation in the African lungfish, Protopterus dolloi, were examined. No significant decreases in tissue glycogen levels were observed following 60 days of fasting or aestivation, suggesting lungfish may undergo 'glycogen sparing'. Yet glycogenolysis may be important during aestivation based on the differing responses of two flux-generating enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK). PK is required for glycogen breakdown whereas HK is not. HK activity is significantly down-regulated in the heart and gill tissues during aestivation, while PK activity is sustained. The significant negative correlation between the activity of HK and glucose levels in the heart of aestivating lungfish suggests HK may be regulated by glucose concentrations. There was no indication of anaerobic glycolytic flux during aestivation as lactate did not accumulate in any of the tissues examined, and no significant induction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)activity was observed. The increase in glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (Asp-AT) activities in the liver of aestivating P. dolloi suggests some energy may be obtained via increased aminoacid catabolism, leading to the generation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. These findings indicate the importance of both carbohydrate and amino acid fuel stores during aestivation in aphylogenetically ancient, air-breathing fish.
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PMID:Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in fasting and aestivating African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi). 1859 2

Decoctions and infusions of Artocarpus communis (Forst.) (family: Moraceae) root-bark are commonly used traditionally among the Yoruba-speaking people of Western Nigeria as folk remedies for the management, control and/or treatment of an array of human diseases, including type 2, adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Although numerous bioactive flavonoids have been isolated from the roots, stem-bark and leaves of A. communis, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of the plant's root-bark extract on animal model of diabetes mellitus and on liver tissues have hitherto, not been reported in the biomedical literature. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to investigate the glycaemic effect of, and hepatic tissue ultrastructural, morphological and metabolic changes induced by A. communis root-bark aqueous extract (ACE) in Wistar rats. The ultrastructural, morphological and metabolic effects of ACE have been compared with those induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rat experimental paradigms. Four groups (A, B, C and D) of Wistar rats, each group containing 10 rats, were used. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the diabetic groups B and C animals by intraperitoneal injections of STZ (75 mg/kg body weight), while group A rats received A. communis root-bark aqueous extract (ACE, 100 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) alone. Control group D rats received distilled water in quantities equivalent to the volume of ACE administered intraperitoneally. The rats in group C were additionally treated with ACE (100 mg/kg body weight i. p.) daily from day 3 to day 10 after STZ treatment. Hepatic glucokinase, hexokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, serum insulin and blood glucose levels of the animals were measured and recorded before and after ACE, STZ and STZ+ACE treatments. Hepatic tissues were also processed for transmission electron microscopy. Electron microscopic examinations showed toxic, deleterious alterations in the ultrastructures of groups A, B and C hepatic cells, the most prominent deleterious effects being on the hepatocytes. Ultrastructural changes observed within the hepatocytes of groups A, B and C rats include disrupted mitochondria with increase in lipid droplets, extensive hepatocellular vacuolation, scanty rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes. Large glycogen clusters were also noticed displacing the mitochondria and RER in group A rats. Group A rats also developed significant hyperglycemia (p<0.05) immediately after ACE administration, while groups B and C rats developed hyperglycemia 24 hours after STZ treatment. When compared with the control group D rats, the activities of all the three subsystems were disrupted, leading to overall inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation of the liver mitochondria in groups A, B and C rats, but remain normal in the untreated group D control rats. The findings of the present study indicate that A. communis root-bark aqueous extract induces hyperglycaemia in the experimental animal model used, and that the plant's extract disrupts the ultrastructural characteristics and architecture of hepatocytes as well as oxidative energy metabolism.
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PMID:Artocarpus communis Forst. root-bark aqueous extract- and streptozotocin-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes in hepatic tissues of Wistar rats. 2016 8

Examination of the composition of saliva in patients with diabetes may be useful for understanding why oral manifestations occur and how they should be treated. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of severity of xerostomia, salivary concentrations of glucose and urea in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, and to determine the correlation between xerostomia and salivary glucose levels. For the realization of this goal, the study included 60 patients of both sexes aged 30-70 years. The sample was divided into two groups. The first, experimental, group consisted of 30 patients who had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The control group consisted of 30 subjects who were not suffering from diabetes. To determine the degree of severity of xerostomia among all respondents a questionnaire recommended by Carda was used. From all patients in both the control and experimental group, total saliva was collected for 10 minutes for biochemical analysis in accordance with the recommendations of Navazesh. Salivary glucose was determined by using the enzymatic method with a hexokinase (mmol/l), and salivary urea by using the kinetic method with urease and glutamate dehydrogenase (mmol/l). Varying degrees of xerostomia were noticed in 80% of the experimental group and only 10% of the control group. In diabetics, we found significantly higher levels of urea (2.36 mmol/l) and glucose (0.022 mmol/l) in the saliva compared with the values of these parameters (1.48 mmol/l, 0017 mmol/l) in the control group. Based on these results, we concluded that diabetes is a disease that causes xerostomia and there is a significant correlation between the degree of xerostomia and the salivary level of glucose.
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PMID:Xerostomia and salivary levels of glucose and urea in patients with diabetes. 2342 83

1. Electron microscopic studies of the sieve tube sap obtained from the secondary phloem of Robinia pseudoacacia by the method of Hartig (1860) showed the presence of well developed mitochondria in addition to membrane fragments. 2. In this sieve tube sap the following enzymes could be detected qualitatively: UTP-glucose-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase, UDPG-fructose glucosyl transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase (for glucose and fructose), phosphohexose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, and UDPG-pyrophosphatase. 3. The following enzymes were determined quantitatively: phosphorylase, amylase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, NAD(+)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, and anorganic pyrophosphatase. 4. The following enzymes could not be detected: UDGP dehydrogenase, UDPG-fructose-6-phosphate-glucosyltransferase, invertase, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. 5. The enzyme pattern in the sieve tube saps of Tilia platyphyllos, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus americana, Quercus borealis maxima, and Salix viminalis is qualitatively similar to that of Robinia, but shows quantitative differences (as far as analyzed). 6. The meaning of the results for the metabolism and function of the sieve tubes in situ is discussed.
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PMID:[Enzyme activities in the sieve tube sap of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and of other tree species]. 2449 58


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