Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of training and naftidrofuryl treatment were observed in 21-month-old Long-Evans rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally twice daily for 8 weeks with 7 mg.kg-1 of naftidrofuryl acid (SN, TN), or with 7 mg.kg-1 fumaric acid (SC and TC) or used as solvent. Training groups (TC, TN) started a progressive 8-week training programme of treadmill exercise. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hexokinase (HK), citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Co-A-dehydrogenase (HAD), were measured in Soleus (SOL), Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) and Diaphragm (DIA) muscles. The mean VO2max value was 65 ml.min-1.kg-1 for 21-month-old rats. The training protocol induced increases in the mean VO2max values in the TC and TN groups, 71.8 and 74.4 ml.min-1.kg-1. In sedentary groups (SN), naftidrofuryl increased enzymatic activities (HK, CS, HAD) in the three muscles examined. When the animals underwent 8 weeks of physical training, the enzymatic activities (HK, CS, HAD) increased in SOL, EDL and DIA. When training was combined with naftidrofuryl treatment the increases in enzymatic activities were greater than those induced by training alone. However, the total changes did not differ for the sum of the changes produced by each condition alone.
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PMID:Enzymatic adaptations to treadmill training under the influence of naftidrofuryl acid in diaphragm and limb muscles of old rats. 171 85

We examined the effects of voluntary exercise on glucose transporter concentration in skeletal muscle from young adult and old female Long-Evans rats. Rats had free access to voluntary running wheels beginning at 4 months of age or remained sedentary. Exercising rats ran approximately 7.5, 6.2, 5.6 and 5.3 km/day during their 6th, 8th, 9th and 10th month of age, respectively. During the 23rd, 24th and 25th month of age running distance averaged 3.0, 2.8 and 2.4 km/day, respectively. At 10 and 25 months of age, glucose transporter protein concentration was assessed in epitrochlearis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles with a polyclonal antibody directed against the GLUT4 transporter isoform. GLUT4 protein concentration was not altered by the aging process (i.e., comparing 10- and 25-month-old rats) in either muscle type. Wheel running increased GLUT4 protein concentration by 45% in epitrochlearis muscles of 10-month-old rats relative to age-matched sedentary controls. The training-induced adaptation in GLUT4 protein was no longer present at age 25 months, probably because the running distance had declined by 50%. In the flexor digitorum brevis, exercise did not alter GLUT4 concentration at either 10 or 25 months, presumably due to insufficient recruitment of this muscle during wheel running as assessed by measurement of citrate synthase and hexokinase enzyme activities. Wheel running induced cardiac and soleus muscle hypertrophy in 10- and 25-month-old rats. In summary, voluntary wheel running can induce an increase in skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein concentration in adult rats. Older rats that run less exhibit cardiac and soleus muscle hypertrophy, but do not maintain an elevated GLUT4 protein concentration in the epitrochlearis muscle. Aging does not alter GLUT4 protein concentration in the epitrochlearis or FDB muscles.
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PMID:Effects of wheel running on glucose transporter (GLUT4) concentration in skeletal muscle of young adult and old rats. 846 30

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats showed that the distribution of plasma membrane content of insulin-regulated glucose transporter in skeletal muscle was reminiscent of that in human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To obtain more information on the cellular mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance, hexokinase activities were measured in the skeletal muscle of OLETF rats. The results showed that the activity of the type II enzyme in the diabetic rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) control rats. No significant differences in the activity of the type I hexokinase were observed between these rats. Western blot analysis showed that the protein content of the type II in OLETF rats was also significantly lower than that in LETO rats (P < 0.05). After insulin stimulation, the intramuscular content of glucose 6-phosphate, which regulates glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle, was significantly decreased in OLETF rats (P < 0.01). However, glycogen synthase activity in vitro and intramuscular lactate concentration in these rats did not show significant differences. These results suggest that the G6P content of the diabetic rats is decreased as a result of an impaired early event of glucose metabolism, indicating that the molecular defects of skeletal muscle in OLETF rats are similar to those in NIDDM patients.
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PMID:Defect of an early event of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of the male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. 957 Nov 58