Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
 5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enzyme activity changes in reagent and neoplastic glia are examined. In the case of reagent glia, considerably increased ADPase, ATPase and AMPase values have been observed in experimental elective parenchymal necrosis in the rat, in hypertrophic astrocytes from recent plaques in multiple necrosis, in demyelinisation associated with cyanide encephalopathy, and in reagent astrocytes surrounding tumours and arteriosclerosis sites. Depressed ATPase values have been observed in experimental oedema, as compared with increased TPPase in human oedema. BuChE and ChE activity disappears in both oligodendro- and astroglia near old cerebral infarct sites, whereas there is marked BuChE activity peripherally to multiple sclerosis plaques and in areas of phenylpyruvic oligophrenia demyelinisation. In neoplastic glia, ADPase is clearly evident in malignant gliomas, ATPase is related to the extent of the cell body, AMPase is positive in medulloblastoma cell cytoplasm and beta-glucuronidase increases in anaplasia. Above-normal ChE activity has been observed in astrocyte tumors, while BuChE is greater than that of AChE. Phosphorylase reaction is intense in astrocytoma and in glioblastoma giant cells. Phosphoglucomutase values are below-normal in tumours, except in the case of ependymoma, while both phosphohexoisomerase and hexokinase display increased activity in atypical forms.
 ...
PMID:[Histochemical demonstration of glial enzyme activity. II. Reagent and neoplastic glia]. 1734 Aug 8

Nitrosative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have recently shown that protein nitrosothiols (PrSNOs) accumulate in the brain of MS patients, and there is indirect evidence that PrSNO levels are also increased in EAE. In this study we sought to identify the major PrSNOs in the spinal cord of EAE animals prepared by active immunization of C57/BL6 mice with MOG(35-55) peptide. For this purpose, PrSNOs from control and EAE mice at various disease stages were derivatized with HPDP-biotin, and the biotinylated proteins were isolated with streptavidin-agarose. Proteins from total and streptavidin-bound fractions were then analyzed by Western blotting using antibodies against the major S-nitrosylated substrates of CNS tissue. With this approach we found that the proportion of S-nitrosylated neurofilament proteins, NMDA receptors, alpha/beta-tubulin, beta-actin, and GAPDH is increased in EAE. Other potential substrates either were not S-nitrosylated in vivo (HCN3, HSP-72, CRMP-2, gamma-actin, calbindin) or their S-nitrosylation levels were unaltered in EAE (Na/K ATPase, hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase). We also discovered that neuronal specific enolase is the major S-nitrosylated protein in acute EAE. Given that S-nitrosylation affects protein function, it is likely that the observed changes are significant to the pathophysiology of inflammatory demyelination.
 ...
PMID:Identification of major S-nitrosylated proteins in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 1940 5

Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered. 10 cases each of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and rheumatoid arthritis before starting treatment and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls from general population were chosen for the study. Cholesterol substrate was added to the plasma of the patients and the generation of cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids were studied. The changes with the addition of antibiotics and cerium to the patient's plasma were also studied. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA. The parameters mentioned above were increased the patient's plasma with addition of cholesterol substrate. The addition of antibiotics to the patient's plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of cerium increased their levels. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids is described in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and rheumatoid arthritis contributing to their pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:A cholesterol and actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in autoimmune diseases. 2213 29

Metabolism is a critical immune regulator under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Culminating evidence has disentangled the contribution of distinct metabolic pathways, namely glucolysis, pentose phosphate, fatty acid oxidation, glutaminolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, in modulating innate and adaptive immune cells based on their activation/differentiation state. Metabolic aberrations and changes in the intracellular levels of specific metabolites are linked to the inflammatory phenotype of immune cells implicated in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Notably, targeting metabolism such as the mTOR by rapamycin, hexokinase by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin, may be used to ameliorate autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, research in immunometabolism is expected to offer novel opportunities for monitoring and treating immune-mediated diseases.
 ...
PMID:Immunometabolism: an overview and therapeutic prospects in autoimmune diseases. 3112 Mar 93