Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.1.1 (hexokinase)
5,274 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Considerable thymidine kinase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activities were found in the plasma of rats bearing a transplanted lymphoma; neither activity was detected in plasma of hosts carrying hepatic, renal, mammary, or submaxillary gland tumors. All host livers exhibited signs of biochemical immaturity as indicated by the appropriate increases or decreases in the concentrations of the nine enzymes measured. The extent and time schedule of the changes in host liver varied with the enzyme and with the tumor that caused them. The hepatic concentrations of ornithine aminotransferase, arginase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and glucokinase (all diminished), and of peptidyl proline hydroxylase and hexokinase (increased) were sensitive indicators of tumor growth in general. The concentration of ornithine aminotransferase decreased before the tumors became palpable. At more advanced stages, the high hepatic thymidine kinase activity distinguished the presence of hepatoma and lymphoma from those of all other equally fast-growing tumors. However, only in lymphoma-bearing rats did a fivefold elevation of hepatic thymidine kinase occur as early as 4 days after implantation. Additional observations on the lymphoma itself, on blood cells, and on the involuting thymus of normal rats indicate that the striking systemic effects of this tumor cannot be explained by a release of enzymes from the thymus or by the increased number of lymphoma cells present in blood or liver.
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PMID:The effect of lymphoma and other neoplasms on hepatic and plasma enzymes of the host rat. 18 34

1. Cells from the bone marrow and cells from the thymus of the rat were incubated in the presence of glucose and glutamine and phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin-A or lipopolysaccharide. Cells were harvested at times up to 4 hr, extracted and maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase or glutaminase measured. 2. In bone marrow cells, there were little changes in enzyme activities except for an increase in the activity of citrate synthase which was prevented by concanavalin-A. This mitogen also caused a decrease in the activity of hexokinase. 3. In contrast, in thymocytes, the activities of hexokinase and glutaminase were decreased in the control condition but addition of lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell mitogen prevented these decreases in activity and concanavalin-A maintained the activity of glutaminase. Concanavalin-A caused a decrease in hexokinase activity but a marked increase in that of glutaminase. 4. It is suggested that changes in the maximum activities of hexokinase and glutaminase over this 4 hr period may represent the effect of removal of thymus-produced growth factors, whose effects can be replaced, at least in part, by two mitogens.
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PMID:Effect of B- and T-cell mitogens on the maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and glutaminase in bone marrow cells and thymocytes of the rat during four hours of culture. 177 87

The maximal activity of key enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis were measured in the immune tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA during 6 weeks. Total lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity were also measured. The hexokinase activity was enhanced 4-fold in the spleen and thymus, doubled in the liver and was diminished in mesenteric lymph nodes (35%). Citrate synthase activity was decreased in the spleen and lymph nodes and increased in the thymus. G-6-PDH activity was increased 2-fold in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and by 20% in the thymus whereas it was reduced (66%) in the liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity and total lipid peroxides increased in all tissues of rats fed w-3 PUFA. The results presented here suggest that w-3 PUFA, by causing important metabolic changes in the immune tissues and lipid peroxidation may lead to changes of immune function.
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PMID:Metabolic changes induced by w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich-diet (w-3 PUFA) on the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult rats. 181 2

Mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI) showed a higher activity than hexokinase (HKM) in its ability to phosphorylate mannose in the spleen, thymus, brain, liver, striated muscles, kidneys, and testes from BALB/c mice. This led to a HKM/MPI ratio of less than 1 in all the organs and tissues mentioned. In contrast, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells obtained from the peritoneum of BALB/c mice had low MPI activity (half of the HKM activity and, therefore, a ratio of 2). Mannose, which is nontoxic to nontumor cells at a concentration of 0.1 M, induced marked in vitro mortality of the tumor cells. Incubation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with mannose resulted in a high accumulation of mannose-6-phosphate and a marked depletion of ATP which did not appear when the cells were incubated with glucose. These facts may explain the selective mortality caused by mannose in the tumor cells studied.
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PMID:Mannose toxicity in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. 277 33

The effects of exogenously administered 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) on glycogen synthesis and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes were studied in the uteri of immature and ovariectomized rats to determine whether cyclic AMP mimics the known effects of estrogenic hormones. The injection of cyclic AMP concurrently with theophylline, significantly increased the activity of uterine hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and uterine glycogen content in immature rats (p less than .05). These increases were related to the dose of cyclic AMP, and as little as .2 mg was able to stimulate uterine glycogen to 169% of control values. The treatment did not significantly increase the activity of the key glycolytic or hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes in the lung and thymus, although these tissues are also not receptive to estrogen. Neither estradiol-17beta or cyclic AMP and theophylline produced any measurable effect on the uterine enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase, or alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. In ovariectomized and adrenalectomized-ovariectomized animals, cyclic AMP and theophylline significantly stimulated the activity of key glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes (p less than .05); the N6, 02-dibutyryl analog of cyclic AMP being more potent than the parent compound. Pretreatment with actinomycin or cycloheximide significantly inhibited the effects of cyclic AMP and theophylline (p less than .05), which indicates that neither cyclic AMP stimulation or the inhibition of the effects of cyclic AMP were dependent on adrenal function. The results support the possiblity that cyclic AMP may be involved in mediating the metabolic effects of estrogen on the uterus.
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PMID:Metabolic control mechanisms in mammalian systems. XV. Studies on the role of adenosine 3' ,5'-monophosphate in estrogen action on the uterus. 411 Aug 9

In order to study the three regulator enzymes of glycolysis, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), in relation to lymphocyte maturation, lymphocytes of different origin were investigated. Lymphocytes from bone marrow, thymus, cord blood, adult peripheral blood and mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes were investigated. The enzyme activities were determined and the isozyme patterns were studied by means of electrophoresis, kinetic measurements and immunoprecipitation. The young lymphocytes from bone marrow and the mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes could be distinguished from the other lymphocytes by a higher residual HK activity in the presence of the inhibitor glucose-1,6-diphosphate. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes differed from non-T lymphocytes in the PK isozymes distribution. All the cells contained PK type K4 and the hybrid K3M. In T cells a smaller amount of the K isozyme was seen than in non-T cells. The PK residual activity in the presence of alanine was significantly higher in peripheral blood T cells than in non-T cells. Thymocytes are characterised by a larger amount of PFK M-subunits than peripheral blood T and non-T lymphocytes. The stimulation of PFK by the positive effector glucose-1,6-diphosphate was higher in thymocytes than in the peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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PMID:Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in lymphocyte subpopulations. 623 63

It was previously shown that polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acid rich diets affected metabolic and functional changes in macrophages and a variety of immune tissues (thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen). This study reports metabolic and functional changes in peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes of Walker-256 ascites cell tumour-bearing rats which were fed (a) normal balanced diet (3% fat), (b) diet enriched (15% fat) with polyunsaturated fatty acids or (c) diet fortified (15% fat) with saturated fatty acids. Neither of the fatty acid enriched diets affected macrophage migration following tumour cell implantation and ascitic cell growth. However both of these fortified fatty acid regimes enhanced the production of H2O2 by macrophages and lymphocytes. The maximum catalytic capacities of hexokinase, glutaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in resident and tumour activated macrophages and lymphocytes obtained from rats fed the three fatty acid dietary regimes during seven days of tumour ascites cell growth. Tumour growth caused an increase in the activities of all of the above enzymes in macrophages irrespective of the fatty acid composition of the diet and notably decreased, independent of dietary fatty acid composition, the activities of the enzymes in lymphocytes. Only glutaminase activity in the lymphocytes of tumour bearing animals fed an unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet was not reduced, but was increased by 78%. Moreover macrophages from control rats fed an enriched polyunsaturated fatty acid diet had increased hexokinase activity (21%), decreased glutaminase (48%) and citrate synthase (decreased 41%) relative to the activities of these enzymes in macrophages of animals maintained on a balanced fatty acid diet. The feeding of both fatty acid rich diets did not modify the pattern of lymphocyte responses during the growth of tumour cells in these animals. None of the fatty acid diets modified the growth rate nor the yield of tumour cells in the peritoneal cavity.
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PMID:Effects of various dietary fatty acids on enzyme activities of carbohydrate and glutamine metabolism and the metabolic response of lymphocytes and macrophages during Walker-256 ascites cell tumour growth in rats. 849 May 66

The human activation antigen CD69 is an early inducible surface glycoprotein acquired by T cells in the thymus at the stage of positive selection and during activation of mature lymphoid cells both in vivo and in vitro. We have studied the regulatory influence of CD69 activation pathway on the glycolytic process and transduction signals of thymocytes. Treatment of human thymocytes with different anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in the presence of submitogenic doses of phorbol ester, produced an enhanced release of lactate without significant alterations in Fru 2,6-P2 levels or phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) and pyruvate kinase activities. A small increase in phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity was also detected. Furthermore, anti-CD69 mAb increased the glucose detritiation from [2-3H] and [3-3H]glucose, thus indicating an enhanced flux through hexokinase and PFK-1 steps. In addition, de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol and intracellular Ca2+ levels increased after anti-CD69 mAb treatment. The stimulatory effects of anti-CD69 mAb on both glycolysis and Ca2+ levels were inhibited by cyclosporin A. Because CD69 molecules are present in certain subset populations of immature thymocytes, the ability of anti-CD69 mAb to stimulate the glycolysis, the synthesis of diacylglycerol and the intracellular Ca2+ levels suggest that the activation signals delivered through CD69 molecules could play a role in the thymus cells maturation.
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PMID:Anti-CD69 antibodies enhance phorbol-dependent glucose metabolism and Ca2+ levels in human thymocytes. Antagonist effect of cyclosporin A. 877 90

1. The effect of administration of fish oil by gavage on key enzyme activities of glucose metabolism of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes was investigated. 2. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in the lymphoid organs were markedly raised due to a daily administration of fish oil by gavage (0.4% of body weight). 3. These findings indicate that the therapeutic utilization of fish oil does affect the metabolism of the lymphoid organs, and possibly immune function; however, the mechanism involved remains to be investigated.
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PMID:Administration of fish oil by gavage increases the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in rat lymphoid organs. 890 80

The activity of important glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, phosphohexoseisomerase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and glutaminolytic enzymes (phosphate-dependent glutaminase) was determined in the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of Wistar rats submitted to protein malnutrition (6% protein in the diet rather than 20%) from conception to 12 weeks after birth. The wet weight (g) of the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes decreased due to protein malnutrition by 87% (from 0.30 +/- 0.05 to 0.04 +/- 0.01) and 75% (0.40 +/- 0.04 to 0.10 +/- 0.02), respectively. The protein content was reduced only in the thymus from 102.3 +/- 4.4 (control rats) to 72.6 +/- 6.6 (malnourished rats). The glycolytic enzymes were not affected by protein malnutrition, but the glutaminase activity of the thymus and lymph nodes was reduced by half in protein-malnourished rats as compared to controls. This fact may lead to a decrease in the cellularity of the organ and thus in its size, weight and protein content.
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PMID:Effect of protein malnutrition on the glycolytic and glutaminolytic enzyme activity of rat thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes. 929 7


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