Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.44 (AGT)
 770 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven Bacteroides fragilis strains were cultured from samples collected from horses. From all the tested strains, as well as from the reference B. fragilis strains: enterotoxigenic NCTC 11925 and nonenterotoxigenic IPL 323 strain, DNA was isolated using Genomic DNA PREP PLUS isolation kit manufactured by A&A Biotechnology (Poland). To detect the enterotoxin (fragilysin) gene, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied, using the following starters: 404 (GAG CCG AAG ACG GTG TAT GTG ATT TGT) and 407 (TGC TCA GCG CCC AGT ATA TGA CCT AGT). DNA obtained from bacterial cells was amplified in a thermocycler (Techne). The temperature profile was as follows: 1 cycle (4 min. 94 degrees C), 40 cycles (1 min. 94 degrees C, 1 min. 52 degrees C, 1 min. 74 degrees C). Amplification products were detected by electrophoresis in agarose gel (1%) with ethidium bromide added. The presence of the fragilysin gene was detected in two strains. Among the strains isolated from horses enterotoxin gene-possessing Bacteroides fragilis strains (ETBF) can be detected.
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PMID:[Enterotoxin-producing Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from horses]. 1175 25

The aim of this study was to detect the Mycobacterium species in the sputum samples collected from tuberculosis patients in Elazig province (located in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey), by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) method. A total of 60 samples from patients (32 male, 28 female) who were diagnosed as tuberculosis by culture positivity at Elazig Tuberculosis Control Dispensary, were included to the study. After DNA extraction and isolation from the samples, gene region encoding for 65 kDa protein of mycobacteria was amplified with specific primers (first step primers: TB1; 5'-GAG ATC GAC TGG AGG ATC C-3' and TB2; 5'-AGC TGC AGC CCA AAG GTG TT- 3', second step primers: TB1 and TB3; 5'-GTG TTG GAC TCC TCG ACG GT-3') by using seminested PCR method. According to hsp65 gene region amplification, 51 (85%) samples yielded positive results, while nine (15%) samples could not be identified. Of 51 samples, 44 (86.3%) were identified as M. tuberculosis complex, four (7.8%) were M.scrofulaceum, two (3.9%) were M. avium and one (1.9%) was M. intracellulare, in the restriction assay by Haelll of the PCR products. In order to identify the species of M. tuberculosis complex, gyrB gene region was amplified in those of 44 samples with specific primers (MTUB-f; 5'-TCG GAC GCG TAT GCG ATA TC-3' and MTUB-r; 5'-ACA TAC AGT TCG GAC TTG CG-3'), and the PCR products were restricted by Rsal and Taql enzymes. In this assay, 34 (77.3%), eight (18.2%), one (2.3%) and one (2.3%) of the 44 M. tuberculosis complex samples were detected as M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. microti and M. africanum, respectively. Our data indicated that at least seven different Mycobacterium species were the causative agents of tuberculosis in our region. As a result, researching for species distributions of mycobacteria in all of the parts of Turkey by molecular methods and clarifying their resistance patterns against antituberculous drugs are needed for the effective control of tuberculosis.
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PMID:[Detection of Mycobacterium species distribution in the sputum samples of tuberculosis patients by PCR-RFLP method in Elazig province]. 1768 6

Abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in seven fungi: Aspergillus nidulans, Coprinus cinereus, Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A), Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa and Ustilago maydis were investigated on genomic scale. The results showed that each species has its specific profile for different types and different motifs of SSR loci. Ascomycetes fungi M. grisea, N. crassa and basidiomycete fungus U. maydis adopt much more microsatellites than other fungi examined. Total amount of 15,751, 14,788 and 6,854 SSR loci were observed respectively, average density is 406, 389 and 347 per Mbp sequence; overall length of SSR sequence was 0.82%, 0.95% and 0.79% of genomic sequence respectively. While ascomycetes fungus F. graminearum and A. nidulans contains the least SSRs in the genomic DNA, only 4,679 and 4,837 tracts were observed in 36 Mb and 30 Mb genomic sequence respectively. Microsatellite repeats in protein coding regions are investigated in Aspergillus nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, and Neurospora crassa also, the results show that the difference of different types and motifs among three fungi is very little than that in whole genomic sequence. For trinucleotide repeats, overrepresent (comparing to the total base pair of protein coding region) of AGC, GGC, AGG, ACG and ACC was observed in coding region, frequencies of AAC and AAG were not difference between coding and non-coding region, AAT, AGT and ATG were underrepresent in coding region excepted for A. nidulans, in which ATG was overrepresentative.
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PMID:Genome-wide analysis of microsatellite sequence in seven filamentous fungi. 2064 Aug 28

This study reports on the detection of additional expressed sequence tags (EST) derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the oil palm. A large collection of 19243 Elaeis guineensis ESTs were assembled to give 10258 unique sequences, of which 629 ESTs were found to contain 722 SSRs with a variety of motifs. Dinucleotide repeats formed the largest group (45.6%) consisting of 66.9% AG/CT, 21.9% AT/AT, 10.9% AC/GT and 0.3% CG/CG motifs. This was followed by trinucleotide repeats, which is the second most abundant repeat types (34.5%) consisting of AAG/CTT (23.3%), AGG/CCT (13.7%), CCG/CGG (11.2%), AAT/ATT (10.8%), AGC/GCT (10.0%), ACT/AGT (8.8%), ACG/CGT (7.6%), ACC/GGT (7.2%), AAC/GTT (3.6%) and AGT/ACT (3.6%) motifs. Primer pairs were designed for 405 unique EST-SSRs and 15 of these were used to genotype 105 E. guineensis and 30 E. oleifera accessions. Fourteen SSRs were polymorphic in at least one germplasm revealing a total of 101 alleles. The high percentage (78.0%) of alleles found to be specific for either E. guineensis or E. oleifera has increased the power for discriminating the two species. The estimates of genetic differentiation detected by EST-SSRs were compared to those reported previously. The transferability across palm taxa to two Cocos nucifera and six exotic palms is also presented. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of three primer-pairs detected in E. guineensis, E. oleifera, C. nucifera and Jessinia bataua were cloned and sequenced. Sequence alignments showed mutations within the SSR site and the flanking regions. Phenetic analysis based on the sequence data revealed that C. nucifera is closer to oil palm compared to J. bataua; consistent with the taxanomic classification.
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PMID:SSR mining in oil palm EST database: application in oil palm germplasm diversity studies. 2086 64

Prevalence of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Wolbachia DNA in blood of 479 cats collected in different veterinary clinics in Southern Germany was determined using a previously published conventional PCR using 16S-23S intergenic spacer primers (5' CTG GGG ACT ACG GTC GCA AGA C 3' - forward; 5' CTC CAG TTT ATC ACT GGA AGT T 3' - reverse). Purified amplicons were sequenced to confirm genus and species. Associations between rickettsial infections, and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), as well as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status were evaluated. Rickettsial prevalence was 0.4% (2/479; CI: 0.01-1.62%). In the two infected cats, Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was amplified. These cats came from different environment and had outdoor access. Both were ill with many of their problems likely related to other diseases. However, one cat had neutrophilia with left shift and the other thrombocytopenia potentially caused by their A. phagocytophilum infection. There was no significant difference in the FIV and FeLV status between A. phagocytophilum-negative and -positive cats. A. phagocytophilum can cause infection in cats in Southern Germany, and appropriate tick control is recommended.
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PMID:Prevalence of selected rickettsial infections in cats in Southern Germany. 2638 62

Cytochrome b (CYB) protein plays an important role in complex III of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Codon usage is the phenomenon of non-uniform usage of synonymous codons. In the present study, we report the pattern of codon usage in MT-CYB gene using various codon usage parameters. Nucleotide composition such as % of C and T was higher than A and G in pisces. In aves, % of A and C was higher than T and G but in mammals, A and T was higher than C and G. Heat map shows that AT-ending codons were mostly negative and GC-ending codons were mostly positive. From the heat map based on RSCU values, it is evident that codon usage prefers A/C at the third codon position and it was less towards T/G in its third codon position. The codons absent in pisces were AGT (except Toxotes chatareus), TGT, and CAG (except Elasma zonatum). The codons such as AGT (except Falco peregrinus), CGT (except Vidua chalybeata), and ACG (except Aythya americana) were absent in aves whereas, in mammals, the absent codons were namely CAG (except Canis familiaris) and ACG (except Rattus norvegicus). Codon usage bias was low in pisces, aves, and mammals. The frequency of leucine was the highest in the amino acid and cysteine was the lowest. Correlation analysis further suggests that mutation pressure is mainly responsible for codon usage pattern. Natural selection might also play a vital role in codon usage pattern but it was weaker than mutation pressure.
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PMID:Synonymous codon usage pattern in mitochondrial CYB gene in pisces, aves, and mammals. 2663 51

Penstemons are perennials that are grown for their attractive flowers in the United States. Penstemon species (P. acuminatus, P. deustus, and P. speciosus) are among the native forbs considered as a high priority for restoration of great basin rangelands. During the summer of 2008, symptoms of red spots and rings were observed on leaves of P. acuminatus (family Scrophulariaceae) in an experimental trial in Malheur County, Oregon where the seeds from several native forbs were multiplied for restoration of range plants in intermountain areas. These plants were cultivated as part of the Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project. Several native wildflower species are grown for seed production in these experimental plots. Plants showed red foliar ringspots and streaks late in the season. Fungal or bacterial infection was ruled out. Two tospoviruses, Impatiens necrotic spot virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus, and one nepovirus, Tomato ring spot virus, are known to infect penstemon (2,3). Recently, a strain of Turnip vein-clearing virus, referred to as Penstemon ringspot virus, was reported in penstemon from Minnesota (1). Symptomatic leaves from the penstemon plants were negative for these viruses when tested by ELISA or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. However, samples were found to be positive for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) when tested by a commercially available kit (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). To verify CMV infection, total nucleic acid extracts from the symptomatic areas of the leaves were prepared and used in RT-PCR. Primers specific to the RNA-3 of CMV were designed on the basis of CMV sequences available in GenBank. The primer pair consisted of CMV V166: 5' CCA ACC TTT GTA GGG AGT GA 3' and CMV C563: 5' TAC ACG AGG ACG GCG TAC TT 3'. An amplicon of the expected size (400 bp) was obtained and cloned and sequenced. BLAST search of the GenBank for related sequences showed that the sequence obtained from penstemon was highly identical to several CMV sequences, with the highest identity (98%) with that of a sequence from Taiwan (GenBank No. D49496). CMV from infected penstemon was successfully transmitted by mechanical inoculation to cucumber seedlings. Infection of cucumber plants was confirmed by ELISA and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection of P. acuminatus. With the ongoing efforts to revegetate the intermountain west with native forbs, there is a need for a comprehensive survey of pests and diseases affecting these plants. References: (1) B. E. Lockhart et al. Plant Dis. 92:725, 2008. (2) D. Louro. Acta Hortic. 431:99, 1996. (3) M. Navalinskiene et al. Trans. Estonian Agric. Univ. 209:140, 2000.
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PMID:First Report of Natural Infection of Penstemon acuminatus with Cucumber mosaic virus in the Treasure Valley Region of Idaho and Oregon. 3076 74