Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study evaluates the effects of methotrexate (MTX) and chloroquine (CQ), and of combined MTX + CQ treatment, on the inflammatory response and on plasma and liver phosphatase and transaminase activities, employing an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Arthritis was induced by the intradermal injection of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil into the plantar surface of the hind paws. Development of the inflammatory response was assessed over a 21-day period. Animal groups received either: (i) MTX, administered i.p., weekly, in 0.15, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg doses; (ii) CQ, given intragastrically, in daily 25 or 50 mg/kg doses; or (iii) MTX + CQ, administered in two combinations (MTX1.5 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg, or MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were anesthetized and killed, blood and liver samples were collected and prepared for measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase (AP, ALP), and aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. MTX at 6 and 12 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response while CQ had no effect. MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response similar to MTX12 mg/kg, without affecting the bone marrow. Plasma AP and liver ALP activities were very elevated in the arthritic rats. While MTX treatment partially reduced both plasma AP and liver ALP activities at all doses used in the arthritic rats, CQ treatment reduced plasma AP, but increased liver AP activity. MTX + CQ treatment decreased plasma AP and liver ALP activities in the arthritic rats to control values. Plasma and liver AST activities were unaltered in the arthritic rats, and were unaffected by treatment. However, plasma and liver ALT activities were significantly reduced in the arthritic rats. While MTX or CQ treatment did not alter plasma transaminase activity in the arthritic rats, after MTX + CQ treatment, plasma ALT activity returned to normal values. In conclusion, the present data suggest that MTX + CQ treatment provides more effective anti-inflammatory protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis than does MTX alone, reverting the alterations in enzyme activities induced by this inflammatory disease in rats.
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PMID:Efficiency of combined methotrexate/chloroquine therapy in adjuvant-induced arthritis. 1601 36

A subchronic toxicity study of a flavonoid morin was performed in both sexes of F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% (w/w) for 13 weeks. No mortality or abnormal clinical signs were observed throughout the experimental period in any group. Although a slight tendency for increase in food intake was noted in both sexes of the 2.5% and 5.0% groups, slight non-significant body weight decrease was observed in 5.0% males. Significant increases in alanine transaminase (ALT; over 2.5%), alkali phosphatase (ALP; 1.25% and 5.0%) and relative liver weights (1.25% and 2.5%) in males and in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), aspartate transaminase (AST), ALT, relative liver weights in the 2.5% and 5.0% females and ALP in 5.0% females were noted. Increased urea nitrogen and relative kidney weights at dose of 1.25% and above and creatinine at 5.0% were observed also in females. On histopathological observation, hepatocyte hypertrophy was detected in 3 of 10 5.0% females. Based on the above findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for both sexes was estimated to be 0.625% (299 and 356 mg/kg b.w./day for males and females, respectively).
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PMID:A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of dietary administered morin in F344 rats. 1644 99

Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) accumulate high levels of glycerol in winter that serves as an antifreeze. Fish were subjected to controlled decreases in water temperature and levels of plasma glycerol, liver metabolites and liver enzymes were determined in order to identify control mechanisms for the initiation of glycerol synthesis. In two separate experiments, decreases in temperature from 8 degrees C to 0 degrees C over a period of 10-11 days resulted in increases in plasma glycerol from levels of less than 4 mmol l(-1) to approximate mean levels of 40 (first experiment) and 150 mmol l(-1) (second experiment). In a third experiment, decreases in temperature to -1 degrees C resulted in plasma glycerol levels approaching 500 mmol l(-1). The accumulation of glycerol could be driven in either December or March, thus eliminating decreasing photoperiod as a necessary cue for glycerol accumulation. Glycerol accumulation in plasma was associated with changes in metabolites in liver leading to increases in the mass action ratio across the reactions catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol-3-phosphatase (G3Pase). The maximal, in vitro activity of GPDH, increased twofold in association with a sharp increase in plasma glycerol level. The metabolite levels and enzyme activities provide complementary evidence that GPDH is a regulatory site in the low temperature triggered synthesis of glycerol. Indirect evidence, based on calculated rates of in vivo glycerol production by liver, suggests that G3Pase is a potential rate-limiting step. As well, transient increases in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase suggest that these sites are components of a suite of responses, in rainbow smelt liver, induced by low temperature.
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PMID:Glycerol production in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) may be triggered by low temperature alone and is associated with the activation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphatase. 1651 27

As measured 7, 14, and 21 days after the application of 10(-2) M vanadyl sulfate solution to the foliage of 4.5-month-old sugar beet plants, significantly less growth of the leaves and an increase in the sucrose content of the storage root resulted. Accompanying these alterations were a higher rate of carbon dioxide fixation, a lower rate of respiration, and a decreased rate of nitrate reductase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, phosphatase, and invertase activity. The enzymes of sucrose synthesis, sucrose synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthetase and uridine diphosphate glucose-pyrophosphorylase were stimulated. The content of reducing sugar, nitrite N, amino acids and protein was less, and that of nitrate N was greater in the vanadium-treated plants. In the majority of cases the greatest magnitude of change occurred during the first 7 days following treatment. The changes in growth and chemical composition are believed to be closely related to the stimulation or inhibition of the various enzymes by vanadyl sulfate.
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PMID:Effect of Vanadium on Growth, Chemical Composition, and Metabolic Processes of Mature Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants. 1665 5

Patients suffering from Alcoholic Liver Diseases (ALD) are often diagnosed by spectrum of physical manifestations and laboratories abnormalities. Among biochemical abnormalities De Ritis Ratio (AST/ALT ratio) is more sensitive during any phase of the disease. This ratio is based on common tests of liver function test and can be investigated in any laboratory and is more relevant in countries like Nepal where alcohol abuse is a major cause of liver disease. Clinically diagnosed 103 ALD cases and 73 healthy controls were enrolled for the study. Selected parameters of liver function tests were analyzed by Vitalab Selectra-2 autoanalyser using Merck diagnostic kits and statistically analyzed by student "t" test. The De Ritis ratio was calculated from serum AST and ALT values and was found 2. 30:1 in patients compared to of 1.10:1 in control group. AST and ALT value showed mild to moderate elevation as it was 124.80 +/- 86.24 IU/L and 54.21 +/- 39.72 IU/L in patients compared to 35.00 +/- 23.49 IU/L and 31.48 +/- 17.79 IU/L in controls. The increase in AST and ALT level in patients was statistically significant (p < 0.001) and (p < 0.01) respectively. > or = - Glutamyl Transferase showed 425.26 +/- 36.40 IU in alcoholics compared to 70.55 +/- 27.35 IU/L in controls, a significant increase observed (p<0.001) However Alkaline Phosphatase activity was observed within normal limit. Serum Total Protein (TPR) and Albumin (ALB) showed 6.86 +/- 1.01 g/dl and 2.71 +/- 0.78 g/dl in patients with Albumin: Globulin ratio of 0.61:1 compared to 7.51 +/- 1.74 g/dl and 4.03 +/- 0.61 g/dl in controls with the ration of 1.15:1, a significant decrease in albumin (p < 0.001) without alteration of Total Protein in patients. Total and Direct bilirubin showed 2.32 +/- 1.10 mg/dl and 1.26 +/- 0.88 mg/dl in alcoholics higher than the control of 1.06 +/- 0.60 mg/dl 0.38 +/- 0.31 mg/dl (p<0.001). Diagnosis of ALD is straight forward with history-and compatible clinical features but alcoholic's denial and under estimation of alcohol abuse becomes an obstacle in confirmation. A mild to moderate disproportionate elevation of AST than ALT activity making De Ritis Ratio > 2:1, supported by reversal of Albumin/globulin ratio facilitates the diagnosis.
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PMID:De Ritis ratio as diagnostic marker of alcoholic liver disease. 1682 89

This study evaluated the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in dogs. Six dogs (20.2+/-6.3 kg) were studied. Values for complete blood count (CBC), serum urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alanine phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, occult blood in feces, platelet aggregation, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were measured before and 7, 14, 21, and 29 days after SID treatment with firocoxib 5.3+/-0.34 mg/kg (FG) or lactose 1 mg/kg (LG) for 28 days, in a randomized crossover study. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract endoscopy was performed before treatment began and at 29 days. Lesions were scored from grade 0 to 6. Data were analyzed using anova and paired t-tests (P<0.05). None of the dogs presented adverse clinical effects. There were no significant changes in CBC, biochemical profiles within groups, or differences between groups. Pretreatment mean+/-SD bleeding time (LG, 70.7+/-32.1 sec; FG, 75.8+/-38.1 sec) and platelet aggregation (LG, 86.4+/-10.2%; FG, 85.6+/-9.2%) were not significantly different from readings at 29 days (LG, 95.2+/-25 sec; FG, 91.7+/-24 sec and LG, 73.2+/-15.1%; FG, 84+/-10.3%) nor the groups were different. None of the dogs had positive fecal occult blood tests, and endoscopic lesion scores were grade 0 both before treatment and at 29 days. Administration of firocoxib did not cause any adverse effects on GI, or hematological or serum biochemical variables and appears to have been well tolerated by dogs.
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PMID:Evaluation of the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in healthy dogs. 1747 53

The aim of the present study is to determine if a combination of vitamins (C and E) has any advantage over insulin therapy on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, liver dysfunction parameters, and histological changes in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and the lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) were measured in liver and pancreas as indicators of antioxidation in these tissues. The liver dysfunction parameters: the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), phosphatase alkalines (PAL), aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST and ALT) were measured in serum. In diabetic rats, the TBARS contents of the liver and pancreatic tissues were found to have significantly increased as compared to non-diabetic rats (P < 0.001). The SOD, CAT, and GPX activities in the liver and pancreas in diabetic rats significantly decreased as compared to normal rats (P < 0.001). AST, ALT, LDH, GGT, and PAL activities increased in the diabetic rats (p > 0.05). In diabetic rats treated with insulin or with combined vitamins (C and E), an ameliorative effect was observed. This amelioration was more pronounced in the group of rats treated with combined vitamins (C and E).
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PMID:Combined vitamins (C and E) and insulin improve oxidative stress and pancreatic and hepatic injury in alloxan diabetic rats. 1835 81

This work analyzes the prevalence of TTV DNA in peripheral blood cells from patients with hepatic alterations and healthy blood donors and measures levels of sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, phosphatase alkaline, total and direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in certain randomly selected patients. DNA samples from 111 individuals were evaluated. They were divided into two groups, "A" (study) and "B" (control), including 54 patients with liver enzyme alterations (ALT/AST) presenting non-B-non-C hepatitis and 57 blood donors, respectively. TTV DNA was determined by nested PCR. Certain products of the second-round PCR were sequenced. Serum biochemical assay was performed and disclosed TTV in 31.48% (17/54) of patients in group A and 5.26% (3/57) in the control group B. TTV prevalence was significantly higher in patients with liver disease than in healthy donors. In group A, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, phosphatase alkaline, total and direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were analyzed in certain randomly selected patients and no significant difference in biochemical levels (p>0.05) was found when TTV infected and noninfected individuals were compared. Knowledge related to TTV has rapidly increased, but many fundamental aspects remain unclear. This led us to question the role of TTV and doubt remains as to whether or not it is just a commensal virus. Further studies are necessary to confirm and extend these findings.
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PMID:Detection of TTV in peripheral blood cells from patients with altered ALT and AST levels. 1862 84

Casearia esculenta root (Roxb.) is widely used in traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes in India. An active compound 3-hydroxymethyl xylitol (3-HMX) has been isolated and its optimum dose has been determined in a short duration study and patented. In the present study, the long-term effect of 3-HMX in type 2 diabetic rats has been investigated. An optimum dose of 3-HMX (40 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered for 45 days to streptozotocin-diabetic rats for the assessment of glucose, insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), hepatic glycogen, and activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, such as glucokinase, glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hepatic marker enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 3-HMX at 40 mg dose produced similar effects on all biochemical parameters studied as that of glibenclamide, a standard drug. Histological study of pancreas also confirmed the biochemical findings. These results indicate that 3-hydroxymethyl xylitol, the compound from C. esculenta, possesses antihyperglycemic effect on long-term treatment also.
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PMID:A novel compound from Casearia esculenta (Roxb.) root and its effect on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 1863 65

Les modifications sanguines de phosphatase alcaline (PA), acide aspartique amino-transferase (AsAT), alanine aminotransferase (A1AT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) et lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) ont ete recherchees chez 48 canards mulards femelles infectes experimentalement a l'age de 11 jours (JO) avec 5 x 10(3), 5 X 10(4) ou 5 X 10(5) oocystes sporules d'Eimeria mulardi: les controles ont ete realises de J - 1 a J25 apres infection et les valeurs comparees a celles d'un lot temoin. La mortalite et la diminution de croissance n'ont ete observees qu'avec 5 x 10(5) oocystes, a partir de J6. La PA est significativement diminuee avec 5 x 10(4 )et 5 x 10(5) oocystes, de facon precoce (J5 et J3 respectivement). Les taux minimaux sont observes a J9: respectivement 83 et 35% des valeurs temoin. Cette chute de la PA pourrait etre utilisee dans un but de diagnostic. Les variations d'AsAT, A1AT, CPK et LDH semblent moins specifiques de l'infection par E. mulardi.
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PMID:Modifications enzymatiques sanguines chez la canette mularde (Catrina moschata x Anas platyrhynchos) lors d'infection experimentale par Eimeria mulardi. 1864 98


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