Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The viability of the graft after liver transplantation is considered to be expressed as the sum of the hepatocellular activity by re-flowing of the hepatic blood flow after transplantation and the hepatocellular injury derived from the cold ischemia of the liver which is indispensable for transplantation. In order to elucidate the hepatocellular injury in ischemic liver graft cold ischemic liver model without hepatectomy was prepared and liver functions, serum insulin, glucagon and cyclic AMP after glucagon loading were measured. The following results were obtained. 1) Influence of anoxia due to ischemia of the liver expressed by s-GOT, disappeared 2 days after operation but it lasted for long time by s-GPT. Re-elevation of s-GOT, s-GPT observed after 2 days or more was considered to be derived from the hepatocellular necrosis due to rejection. Incidentally, Al-phosphatase was useful for judging the rejection, but s-total bilirubin, s-total cholesterol and albumin were considered to be not useful as parameters for evaluating the viability of the graft. 2) The rejection and the hepatocellular necrosis had not influence on serum insulin, but serum glucagon corresponded to the hepatocellular necrosis and was useful index for the judgment of the hepatocellular damage in the graft. 3) The level of c-AMP after glucagon loading and the c-AMP response corresponded very well to the hepatocellular activity of the graft, and they were considered to be useful indices for evaluating the viability of the graft.
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PMID:[Experimental study of orthotopic liver transplantation in dog--with reference to change of hepatic function, serum insulin, glucagon, c-AMP after liver transplantation and the viability of the graft]. 284 4

1. Alkaline phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.1], acid phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.2], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT, EC 2.6.1.1] and alanine aminotransferase [ALAT, EC 2.6.1.2] were measured in mucosal homogenates of different segments of the alimentary tract of White Rock cockerels. 2. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were higher in the duodenum, jejenum and caecum than the anterior segments of the alimentary tract. 3. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was higher in the oesophagus and crop than in the caudal segments of the alimentary tract. Alanine aminotransferase activity did not show any specific pattern. 4. The increased phosphatase activities in the caudal alimentary tract indicates their involvement in the nutrient transport across the mucosa. Aminotransferases were probably involved in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins in the anterior alimentary tract.
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PMID:Activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in different regions of the alimentary tract of adult White Rock cockerels. 322 95

The activity of alanine and asparagine transaminase and of acid and basic phosphatase was studied in blood serum of 72 porkers of the Polish large-white breed, fed with PT-2 feeds of various protein and energy levels. It was found that the activity of both transaminases in blood serum depended on the protein-energy level of the diet. The activity of transaminases was not found to increase at the protein content compatible with the standard and at increased energy value of the feeds, whereas the same protein level and decreased energy amount caused a decrease in the activity of alanine and asparagine transaminase. At a decreased protein content in the diet the activity of transaminases in plasma was lower than in the porkers on a diet containing protein according to the standard. An increased amount of energy with a decreased protein content in the diet did not affect the activity of asparagine transaminase but slightly stimulated alanine transaminase, whereas a decrease in the amount both of energy and protein in the diet caused an increase in the activity of both transaminases. Acid and basic phosphatase were not adequate indices of changes in the organism of the porkers in relation to the protein-energy level of their diet.
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PMID:[Alanine and aspartate transaminase and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood serum in relation to the protein and energy levels in the pigs' feeds]. 350 74

Groups of male Wistar albino rats were administered diets containing sufficient fenofibrate to ensure intakes of either 200, 60 or 13 mg/kg/day or sufficient clofibrate to ensure an intake of 400 mg/kg/day. Four rats from each experimental group and 6 control rats were killed, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, 8, 12 and 20 weeks and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after commencement of treatment. At all time points livers were subjected to histological, electron microscopic and biochemical examination, the other major abdominal organs were removed for histological examination. A more extensive necropsy was carried out on rats killed after 12 and 18 months. The major alterations were observed in the liver, although there were also morphological changes in the thyroid, pancreas and kidney after prolonged treatment. The hepatic changes followed a distinct time course. Within 24 h of offering diets containing the compounds to the rats there was accumulation of small droplets of lipid, induction of peroxisomal enzymes and of the specific cytochrome P-450 catalysing omega-hydroxylation of fatty acids and an increase in the number of mitotic figures. More slowly developing changes were loss from the centrilobular zone of fat, glycogen and of glucose 6-phosphatase activity. Here maximal changes were observed after 14 days of treatment. A still more slowly developing change was accumulation of enlarged lipid-loaded lysosomes, which was maximal at 26 weeks, accompanied by the development of lipofuscin bodies. Finally, in animals treated for 12 months or more there was evidence for increasing cell turnover as indicated by an increased number of mitotic figures, more dark cells and induction of serum alanine transaminase. The last 2 groups of changes were not observed in rats treated with 13 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate. In general the degree of change in rats treated with 400 mg/kg/day of clofibrate was similar to those found in rats treated with 60 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate.
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PMID:Time and dose study on the response of rats to the hypolipidaemic drug fenofibrate. 376 41

It was recently suggested that the apparent biliary transport maximum (Tm, secretory maximum) for bile salts is primarily determined by their degree of cytotoxicity (the cytotoxicity hypothesis), based on experiments on male rats [Hardison, W. G., D. E. Hatoff, K. Miyai, and R. G. Weiner. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G337-G343, 1981]. To confirm this hypothesis, we determined the Tm of three different bile salts, taurocholate (TC), taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC), and tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) in female rats and hamsters. The order of Tm values in female rats was the same as that reported for male rats (TUDC greater than TC greater than TCDC), whereas in female hamsters it was TC greater than TCDC greater than TUDC. On the other hand, in hamsters, the order of cytotoxicity, evaluated in vivo by the biliary excretion of hepatocyte enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline-phosphatase and an increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels under a fixed rate infusion (0.6 and 1.2 mumol X min-1 X 100 g body wt-1) of bile salts, was inverse to the order of Tm values (TCDC greater than TC greater than TUDC) in rats, but in hamsters, too, TCDC was most cytotoxic. The order of Tm value in hamsters thus does not correspond to the order of cytotoxicity of these bile salts, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of bile salts may not be the sole determinant of bile salt Tm.
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PMID:Differing transport maxima values for taurine-conjugated bile salts in rats and hamsters. 378 51

1. The activities of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the concentrations of citrate, ammonia, amino acids, glycogen, glucose 6-phosphate, acetyl-CoA, lactate and pyruvate were measured in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 2. In kidney cortex of diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats the activities of glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) and phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) were increased. 3. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.10) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) were increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats. In growth hormone-treated rats the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was depressed but those of the other three enzymes were unchanged. 4. The activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) was not altered in any of these conditions. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity was depressed only in growth hormone-treated rats. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) activity was depressed in cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats but unchanged in diabetic rats. 5. Amino acids, acetyl-CoA and glucose 6-phosphate contents were increased in rat kidneys in all these three conditions. Ammonia content was increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but was markedly diminished in growth hormone-treated rats. 6. The [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio was elevated in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but unchanged in growth hormone-treated rats. Citrate content was increased in the kidney cortex of diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was unchanged in cortisone-treated rats. The activity of ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was increased in cortisone-treated rats. 7. Glycogen content was moderately elevated in growth hormone-treated rats and markedly elevated in diabetic rats, whereas no change in glycogen content was observed in cortisone-treated rats. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) activity was unchanged in all these three conditions. Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity was not affected in cortisone-treated rats but was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats.
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PMID:Evaluation of the rate-limiting steps in the pathway of glucose metabolism in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 434 56

Analysis of frequencies of phenotypes and genes for 12 polymorphic loci of 2891 healthy inhabitants of Magadan showed that the frequencies are different in men and women (loci AcP, GPT, Tf), and in individuals selected according to various duration of dwelling under extreme conditions. Therewith, the "dynamics" of phenotype and gene frequencies is not synonymous to the representatives of both sexes. Confirmed are the previous data indicating that the formation of man's population in the extreme conditions entails changes in the genetic structure. The following are the most informative loci for revealing ecologically determined population heterogeneity: acid erythrocyte phosphatase (AcP); alkaline serum phosphatase (Pp); glyoxalase-I (GLO-I); group specific component (Gc) and blood groups Rh.
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PMID:[Polymorphic biochemical systems in the population of immigrant inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. I. The genetic structure and its heterogeneity due to sexual dimorphism and to the duration of separate groups living under extreme environmental conditions]. 641 86

The authors evaluated hematological side effects in 410 epileptic patients under chronic therapy. The aim of the study was to find out the most suitable parametres for preliminary screening. Values outside the normal range were seen in patients treated with multiple drug therapy and in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs from 3 years at least. The following tests were the most frequently influenced: GOT, GPT, alcaline phosphatase, protrombin time, fibrinogen.
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PMID:[Retrospective study on side effects in 410 patients in antiepileptic therapy. Proposal for new biochemical screening]. 652 8

Bacteriological tests on feces of patients with ulcerative-hemorrhagic colitis, in exacerbation, were carried out. The same patients were dynamically followed up as regards clinical picture and paraclinical indices, rectoromanoscopy include. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the fecal microflora was made according to the following indices: total number of mesophili aerobic microorganisms, coli-bacteria, proteus, enterococci, staphylococci, Salmonella-bacteria. The pure cultures isolated were tested according to 30 biochemical indices, their precise classification position being determined on that base. The production of the following enzymes was studied in the cultures isolated: protease, oxyreductase -- catalase and peroxidase, aminotransferase -- COT and GPT; phosphatase -- acid and alkaline, disaccharidase and urease. The data obtained from the bacteriological studies were compared with those of a control group of healthy subjects. Elevated enzyme constellation was found among the patients with exacerbated ulcerative-hemorrhagic colitis.
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PMID:[Intestinal bacterial microflora study in chronic ulcerohemorrhagic colitis]. 697 92

Biochemical changes in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) exposed to a sublethal level of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 0.5 ppm concentration in ambient water for a period of 30 days were assessed. A small reduction in growth rate was observed in the fish treated with 0.5 ppm carbofuran for 60 days although no mortality or any apparent symptom of toxicity could be noted. Studies were carried out on the activities of certain enzymes of intermediary metabolism viz., glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Na+, K+-ATPase, GOT and GPT in certain vital tissues of the fish exposed to carbofuran (0.5 ppm) for 30 days. Exposure to carbofuran resulted in sharp inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of the fish which recovered rather rapidly after terminating pesticide treatment and maintaining the fish in clean freshwater. Ratio of the levels of calcium/phosphorus in serum showed significant diminution in experimental groups of fish compared to controls. Level of ammonia in serum of experimental fish was markedly increased while excretion of ammonia by fish showed concomitant decrease. The bioaccumulation level of the pesticide and its degraded product, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in liver tissue was measured by gas chromatography. A rationale of the effect of carbofuran on metabolism vis-a-vis toxicity in the fish has been suggested.
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PMID:Certain biochemical responses in the air-breathing catfish Clarias batrachus exposed to sublethal carbofuran. 712 66


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