Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the evaluation of certain differences in the diminution of export proteins of the liver we examined some exactly defined groups of liver diseases with the aim of further differentiation of the pathogenetic mechanisms. We measured the activity of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the Quick value, the coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX and X. Clotting factors were determined by a Schnitger-Gross Coagulometer. Prothrombin, antithrombin III, plasminogen, factor VIII associated antigen and activated factor XIII were measured by immunoelectrophoresis according to Laurell. Lipoprotein electrophoresis in agarose gel was performed to evaluate changes in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Except of the rising diminution of export proteins in the course of liver disease from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis we found also specific changes of the patterns of the plasma specific enzymes. These proteins were diminished dependent on their half life time and the inflammatory activity--measured as the height of the transaminases. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and factor VIII did not participate in the general diminution of the most export proteins; some details were found to explain this differing behaviour. Results are critically discussed with regard to new aspects in the biochemistry of the damaged liver cell.
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PMID:[Correlations between the diminished secretion of export proteins from the liver and the plasmatic activity of liver cell enzymes (author's transl)]. 42 91

A highly purified plasminogen concentrate, LYS-PLASMINOGEN Steam Treated, has been developed for thrombolytic therapy of arterial and venous occlusions in combination with fibrinolytic agents. In search of a highly efficient drug covering this indication, we decided to select the lys-form of plasminogen because of its higher affinity to fibrin in contrast to the glu-form. This property of lys-plasminogen also led us to expect an improved thrombolytic activity as opposed to other forms of the proenzyme. The intermediate product is manufactured from pooled human citrated plasma by ethanol fractionation after separation of coagulation factor proteins. Further processing includes specific transformation and purification steps. The final product is a freeze-dried preparation characterized by a high specific activity greater than or equal to 18.0 CU/mg protein and a content of lys-plasminogen of greater than or equal to 95%. To reduce the risk of viral infections, the plasma pool includes only plasma donations which are ALT tested and negative for HBsAg and anti-HIV. In addition the intermediate freeze-dried bulk powder is subjected to a virus inactivation procedure based on steam treatment for 10 hours under standardized product specific conditions without using special protein stabilizers. Physical parameters of steam treatment provide for a maximum virus killing effect without impairing the biological plasminogen activity or changing the molecular integrity of the product. In a preclinical test HIV was inactivated by 6 log 10 after 3 hours of steam treatment leaving a 7 hour safety margin for inactivation of more heat resistant viruses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Production and quality assurance of Lys-plasminogen steam treated. 312 8

Time-and cost-saving methods for paternity testing are described. Seventeen genetic systems were divided into six groups: (1) transferrin (Tf), factor B (Bf), and phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1); (2) group-specific component (Gc) or alpha 1-antitrypsin (PI) and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (HSGA); (3) complement components C6 and C7, factor 13B (F13B), and plasminogen (PLG); (4) haptoglobin (Hp), C8 alpha-gamma chain (C81), and factor I (IF); (5) red cell acid phosphatase (ACP), esterase D (ESD), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT); and (6) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) and glyoxalase I (GLO). Each group of systems was typed simultaneously by electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by staining or immunoblotting. These methods are very practical because they afford a considerable saving of time, work and expense, and facilitate semipermanent preservation of electrophoretic patterns.
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PMID:Simultaneous phenotyping of genetic markers for paternity testing. 348 Jun 66

The influence of long term plasmapheresis on the health of donors was examined in two groups of plasma donors that donated mean volume of 411 ml of plasma during 176 weeks and 670 ml of plasma during 123 weeks (p less than 0,05). The control group consisted of 27 whole blood donors. Statistically no significant differences (p greater than 0,05) were found in the concentrations of total proteins, albumin, gammaglobulins, immunoglobulins, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, GPT and alkaline phosphatase. Although the difference was significant for bilirubin and GOT the mean values were within the normal range. Significant elevations were found in alpha 1 globulins, and alpha 2 globulins in the group that donated 411 ml of plasma/week after 35 sessions. In this latter group of donors the elevation of beta globulins was observed after 100 sessions. On the basis of these results we suggest that plasma donors should not donate more than 500 ml of plasma per week and that the maximal number of regular plasmapheresis should not exceed 70. The yearly number of sessions should therefore not exceed 50 and the yearly donated volume of plasma should be not more than 25 liters.
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PMID:Observation of the changes of plasma proteins after long term plasmapheresis. 616 6

In this study, we evaluated the role of proteolytic enzymes belonging to the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and plasma contact systems in the early postoperative phase after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Twenty-nine patients were studied at the time of OLT and during the first 2 postoperative weeks. Blood samples were collected daily after OLT and analyzed for kallikrein-like activity (KK), functional kallikrein inhibition (KKI), plasmin-like activity (PL), and alpha2-antiplasmin (AP). In addition, prekallikrein (PKK), prothrombin (PTH), antithrombin III (AT III), plasminogen (PLG), prothrombin/antithrombin III complexes (TAT), prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2), and plasmin/alpha2-antiplasmin complexes (PAP) were measured. Nineteen patients experienced biopsy-verified acute rejections (AR) and ten patients had uneventful courses and served as controls. Plasma analyses showed that the contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems were activated during OLT. Following OLT, continuous thrombin and plasmin generation was observed, and these effects were more pronounced in the group having an uneventful course than in patients with AR. Factors that could possibly affect plasma proteolytic activity, such as blood product usage during and after OLT and cold ischemia time of the liver graft, did not differ between the groups, nor did the routine liver function tests, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
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PMID:Plasma proteolytic activity in liver transplant rejection. 1036 91

We analyzed retrospectively the relationship between coagulation profile, and either hepatic function or hemodynamics, in patients who had undergone a Fontan-type procedure, comparing them, first, with a control group of 12 patients without significant hemodynamic abnormality, and, second, with a group of 14 patients who had not undergone a Fontan procedure, but whose mean right atrial pressure exceeded 8 mmHg. Follow-up catheterization had been performed in all 30 patients submitted to the Fontan-type operation. Prothrombin time, and factor XIII, were significantly lower in those who had undergone the Fontan procedure than in the other groups. Those submitted to the Fontan operation also had lower levels of protein C than controls, and their levels of plasminogen were lower than the patients with high right atrial pressure. Both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were higher in those undergoing the Fontan procedure than in the other groups, while gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in these patients was higher than in the control group. Mean right atrial pressure was highest in those undergoing the Fontan procedure, while cardiac index was lowest. Prothrombin time was correlated to some extent with aspartate aminotransferase, mean right atrial pressure, and cardiac index. Protein C correlated with both aspartate aminotransferase and mean right atrial pressure, while factor XIII correlated with alanine aminotransferase, mean right atrial pressure, and cardiac index. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, parameters of hepatic function, correlated significantly with mean right atrial pressure. In those who had undergone the Fontan procedure, decreased synthesis of pro-and anti-coagulant factors is a risk factor for both thrombosis and bleeding. Abnormal hemodynamics, in the absence of a right sided pumping chamber, may predispose to subclinical hepatic dysfunction, leading to selective disturbances of protein synthesis.
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PMID:Coagulation profile, hepatic function, and hemodynamics following Fontan-type operations. 1123 99

The euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT), a traditional measure of plasminogen activation, directly depends on plasma fibrinogen (FBG) level. This fact was neglected in studies concluding that prolonged ECLT in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients pointed exclusively to impaired fibrinolysis. We studied the relations between ECLT and plasma FBG levels in HD patients in relation to certain hepatic and inflammatory markers. Median ECLT of 320 minutes (range, 150 to 620 minutes) and plasma FBG of 306 mg/dL (range, 171 to 553 mg/dL) were higher in 75 HD patients than in 60 healthy controls (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001). There were positive associations between these parameters both in the patients (Spearman p = 0.273, p = 0.018) and the controls (p = 0.672, p < 0.0001). The FBG-corrected ECLT (plasma FBG/ECLT) (in mg/[min x dL]) in the patients (0.92 [range, 0.47 to 2.43]) was not different (p = 0.065) from that in the controls (1.08 [0.58 to 1.67]). In the patients, serum alanine aminotransferase inversely correlated with ECLT (p = -0.306, p = 0.008) and FBG (p = -0.310, p = 0.007), whereas serum C-reactive protein was associated positively with these variables (p = 0.383, p = 0.0007; p = 0.477, p < 0.0001, respectively). The FBG-corrected ECLT was not related to either marker. In conclusion, increased plasma FBG level, a continuum between liver dysfunction and stimulation by chronic inflammation, is an important determinant of prolonged ECLT in HD patients. The FBG-corrected ECLT value suggests that baseline activation of fibrinolysis is normal in these patients, and that this simple index could be useful in its laboratory assessment.
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PMID:Plasma fibrinogen level is an important determinant of prolonged euglobulin clot lysis time in hemodialysis patients. 1169 12

Recombinant staphylokinase (rSTAR) is a profibrinolytic agent of bacterial origin. The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of rSTAR administered with bolus intravenous infusion in rhesus monkeys (2/sex/group) at the dosages of 0, 4, 14, and 49 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The clinical signs were thickening of the skin in all animals and mild hematoma formation in three dosage groups at the injection sites. There were no effects on body weight, absolute or relative organ weights, ophthalmology, or electrocardiogram. Urinalysis indicated that 2 monkeys in 14 or 49 mg/kg/day group developed proteinuria and mild hematuria. Increases in serum BUN levels (14 and 49 mg/kg/day), ALT activity, and bilirubin levels (49 mg/kg/day), and decreases in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations and Hct values (49 mg/kg/day) were observed at week 2. Significant prolongtion of APTT, PT, and TT (14 and 49 mg/kg/day), and decreases in circulating plasminogen levels (3 treatment groups) were noted. Dose-dependent increases in the titers of anti-rSTAR antibodies and neutralizing rSTAR activity were observed in the three treated groups. Increased neutralizing rSTAR activity diminished the phamacologic effects of rSTAR (ie, prolonged APTT, PT, and TT approaching baseline levels at week 2). Histopathological findings included hemorrhage, and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration at the injection sites, heptocellular degeneration characterized as cytoplasmic eosinophilia, vacuolation and condensed nuclei (49 mg/kg/day), effusion of RBCs and plasma within some Bowman's capsules and hyaline casts within the lumen of some renal tubules in the kidneys (14 and 49 mg/day/kg), and mild to moderate megakaryocyte hypoplasia with varying levels of pyknotic nuclei at all dose levels. Immune deposits in glomeruli in the kidneys from the three treated groups were detected. These changes were reversible following a 4-week recovery period. In the present preclinical evaluation of toxicity in monkeys, rSTAR is well toleratte at doses up to 49 mg/kg/day. The toxic target organs are the liver, kidney, and bone marrow.
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PMID:Safety evaluation of recombinant staphylokinase in rhesus monkeys. 1259 45

AIMS: Nitric oxide (NO) has protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and plays an important role in ischemic preconditioning. Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) regulates plasminogen activators, which may have cytotoxic effects in I/R injury. I/R injury is reduced by the inhibition of fibrinolytic enzymes. To clarify the mechanism of ischemic preconditioning, PAI-1 induction and NO generation were studied in hepatic ischemic preconditioning. METHODS: Total hepatic ischemia was achieved by Pringle's maneuver. FK409 was used as an NO donor. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were measured to estimate hepatic damage and serum nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) were also determined to assess NO generation. Reserve transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization were carried out to determine the quantitative changes in the expression of PAI-1 mRNA. Plasma PAI-1 concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. RESULTS: No increase in ALT or HA was found with 5 min I/R. NO and PAI-1 in plasma and PAI-1 mRNA in liver were not increased in the ischemic period, but were increased during the reperfusion period. Infusion of FK409 stimulated induction of PAI-1 mRNA dose dependently. In situ hybridization studies indicated that hepatocytes expressed PAI-1 mRNA after I/R treatment. CONCLUSIONS: I/R increased the concentration of plasma PAI-1. Reperfusion following ischemia was needed for the induction of PAI-1 mRNA and increase of plasma NO concentration. FK409 stimulated PAI-1 mRNA induction in the liver. These results indicate that PAI-1 is a component of the ischemic preconditioning mechanisms, which is stimulated by NO generation.
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PMID:Expression of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and nitric oxide generation in ischemic preconditioning of rat liver. 1269 56

Studies in rats have demonstrated that modest underlying inflammation can precipitate idiosyncratic-like liver injury from the histamine 2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine (RAN). Coadministration to rats of nonhepatotoxic doses of RAN and the inflammagen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), results in hepatocellular injury. We tested the hypothesis that hepatic gene expression changes could be distinguished among vehicle-, LPS-, RAN- and LPS/RAN-treated rats before the onset of significant liver injury in the LPS/RAN-treated rats (i.e., 3 h post-treatment). Rats were treated with LPS (44 x 10(6) EU/kg, i.v.) or its vehicle, then two hours later with RAN (30 mg/kg, i.v.) or its vehicle. They were killed 3 h after RAN treatment, and liver samples were taken for evaluation of liver injury and RNA isolation. Hepatic parenchymal cell injury, as estimated by increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, was not significant at this time. Hierarchal clustering of gene expression data from Affymetrix U34A rat genome array grouped animals according to treatment. Relative to treatment with vehicle alone, treatment with RAN and/or LPS altered hepatic expression of numerous genes, including ones encoding products involved in inflammation, hypoxia, and cell death. Some were enhanced synergistically by LPS/RAN cotreatment. Real-time PCR confirmed robust changes in expression of B-cell translocation gene 2, early growth response-1, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cotreated rats. The increase in PAI-1 mRNA was reflected in an increase in serum PAI-1 protein concentration in LPS/RAN-treated rats. Consistent with the antifibrinolytic activity of PAI-1, significant fibrin deposition occurred only in livers of LPS/RAN-treated rats. The results suggest the possibility that expression of PAI-1 promotes fibrin deposition in liver sinusoids of LPS/RAN-treated rats and are consistent with the development of local ischemia and consequent tissue hypoxia.
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PMID:Gene expression analysis points to hemostasis in livers of rats cotreated with lipopolysaccharide and ranitidine. 1508 57


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