Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Single fibers of rabbit fast-twitch tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were analyzed after continuous low-frequency stimulation for up to 8 wk. After 2-5 wk, every fiber showed higher levels of citrate synthase, hexokinase, and 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase than any control fiber; in some cases these levels were 2-10 times higher (well above any found even in the control soleus, a slow-twitch muscle). Average levels of malate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase also rose dramatically, but peak single fiber levels were not much above the highest in controls. These differential effects confirm at the single fiber level that chronic stimulation can alter mitochondrial composition. Lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphatase, and adenylate kinase declined to levels far below those of any control TA fiber, and, in the case of fructose-bisphosphatase, to within the activity range of control soleus fibers. According to their staining reaction for myofibrillar ATPase, TA fibers were initially 23% type IIA, and 74% type IIB, but by 5 wk these had been converted to a mixture of type I, IIA, and IIC fibers. At 5 wk, levels of lactate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and malate dehydrogenase were characteristic of their (new) ATPase type, but 3-oxoacid CoA transferase had increased to levels 6-15 times higher than in control fibers of the same type.
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PMID:Chronic stimulation of mammalian muscle: enzyme changes in individual fibers. 302 Sep 91

Glycosomes and mitochondrial vesicles from cultured promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana have been separated using isopycnic centrifugation on linear sucrose gradients. Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), glucose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) were recovered largely in association with glycosomes (density; 1.215 g/ml). Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) had some small glycosomal activity, but were mostly recovered in the soluble fractions. Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) showed a broad peak corresponding to that of the mitochondrial marker oligomycin-sensitive ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4) (density; 1.190 g/ml). Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) both showed small mitochondrial peaks, but most of the activities were recovered elsewhere on the gradient and in the soluble fractions. The subcellular location of enzymes in L.m. mexicana amastigotes was investigated by following the release of soluble enzymes from digitonin-treated amastigotes. This revealed distinct cytosolic, mitochondrial, and glycosomal compartments. The findings give an insight into the organization and control of L.m. mexicana promastigote and amastigote energy metabolism.
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PMID:Leishmania mexicana: subcellular distribution of enzymes in amastigotes and promastigotes. 315 38

White, male Wistar rats were exposed continuously in chamber during 3 months on volatile organic compounds emitted from set of building and finishing materials used in living areas on ship. The air contamination was checked. The following tests for determination of combined toxic effects were performed: functional activity, the body and organ weights, basic hematological determinations, serum enzyme activity (GOT, GPT, AP, LAP, LDH), serum concentrations of protein, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and in the liver mitochondria Mg+2(-)-ATPase, concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids, and liver function after loading with benzoate. After 3 months of the exposure we observed changes in AP and LDH activities, and decrease of the concentration of serum triglycerides.
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PMID:Investigations into the effect on rats of volatile organic compounds released from the set of building and finishing materials. 327 May 85

The effect of a single oral dose of endosulfan (5 mg/kg body weight) on the uptake of certain nutrients and brush-border enzymes has been studied in rat intestine. The uptake of glucose and alanine was elevated but that of leucine was decreased in endosulfan-fed rats. There was no change in the uptake of phenylalanine and lysine in insecticide-fed rats. The activities of brush-border sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were considerably increased while the activity of Na+ K+ ATPase was reduced in endosulfan-exposed animals. The leucine aminopeptidase activity was unaffected in pesticide-treated rats. There was a significant decrease in cellular LDH and GOT activities with no change in GPT activity. Neither was there a considerable increase in the cellular glucose-6-phosphatase activity (P less than 0.01) in the pesticide-fed rats. These results suggest that endosulfan toxicity induces certain functional changes in the intestine.
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PMID:Effect of a single oral dose of endosulfan on intestinal uptake of nutrients and on brush-border enzymes in rats. 618 May 24

The activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and amino acid metabolism have been measured in the fetal guinea pig heart over the last third of gestation and correlated with heart ultrastructural development. There is little change in glycolytic enzyme activity except for a two- to threefold increase in phosphofructokinase activity. Mitochondrial content and enzyme activities are low in the early fetal heart, and, although content is similar in the late fetus and adult, enzyme activities increase twofold postnatally, indicating fetal heart mitochondria are incompletely developed. The activities of aspartate and particularly alanine aminotransferase are low in the fetal heart. Over the last third of gestation the myofibrillar content of the fetal myocyte increases twofold to the adult value by term. Associated with this is a fourfold rise in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity. Na+-K+-ATPase activity is similar in the late fetal and adult heart but one-third lower in the early fetal heart.
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PMID:Ultrastructural and enzymatic development of fetal guinea pig heart. 621 93

Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the rainbow trout increases when the animals are starved for four weeks. Glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the kidney of rainbow trout kept in sea water (20% S) is significantly higher than in the kidney of rainbow trout kept in fresh water. Gill Na/K-ATPase activity in the rainbow trout is reduced significantly (44%) by starvation for four weeks. Most of the free amino acids investigated in the white muscle of the rainbow trout were present in significantly higher concentrations in animals fed in sea water than in animals fed in fresh water. The concentrations of these amino acids are even higher in the muscle of starved animals held in sea water than in fed animals held in sea water.
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PMID:Influence of nutrition on biochemical sea water adaptation of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri richardson). 661 64

Biochemical changes in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) exposed to a sublethal level of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 0.5 ppm concentration in ambient water for a period of 30 days were assessed. A small reduction in growth rate was observed in the fish treated with 0.5 ppm carbofuran for 60 days although no mortality or any apparent symptom of toxicity could be noted. Studies were carried out on the activities of certain enzymes of intermediary metabolism viz., glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Na+, K+-ATPase, GOT and GPT in certain vital tissues of the fish exposed to carbofuran (0.5 ppm) for 30 days. Exposure to carbofuran resulted in sharp inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of the fish which recovered rather rapidly after terminating pesticide treatment and maintaining the fish in clean freshwater. Ratio of the levels of calcium/phosphorus in serum showed significant diminution in experimental groups of fish compared to controls. Level of ammonia in serum of experimental fish was markedly increased while excretion of ammonia by fish showed concomitant decrease. The bioaccumulation level of the pesticide and its degraded product, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in liver tissue was measured by gas chromatography. A rationale of the effect of carbofuran on metabolism vis-a-vis toxicity in the fish has been suggested.
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PMID:Certain biochemical responses in the air-breathing catfish Clarias batrachus exposed to sublethal carbofuran. 712 66

Toxic effects of gentamicin administration (10-80 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously (s.c.), once daily for 7 days) on several enzyme activities of kidney and duodenal mucosa together with other parameters were compared between male rats and mice. In Wistar rat kidney, tubular brush border Mg(2+)-dependent, HCO3(-)-stimulated ATPase (Mg(2+)-HCO3(-)-ATPase) activity was inhibited by 40-80 mg/kg gentamicin in an almost dose-dependent manner with no changes in microsomal Mg(2+)-Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. Cytosol carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was inhibited only by 80 mg/kg gentamicin. In rat duodenal mucosa, Mg(2+)-HCO3(-)-ATPase and CA activities were unchanged by any dose of gentamicin. Rat serum urea nitrogen (UN), GOT and GPT concentrations and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity were significantly increased by 80 mg/kg gentamicin. In ddY mice, however, almost all parameters described above were unaffected by gentamicin except for the urinary NAG activity which was increased only by 80 mg/kg gentamicin. The concentration of gentamicin in cytosol of rat whole kidney was approximately 3.4-fold higher compared with that in mouse kidney after 80 mg/kg treatment. In light microscopic analysis, 80 mg/kg gentamicin produced necrosis in the greater part of rat kidney proximal tubuli with no pathological findings in mouse kidney. In conclusion, Mg(2+)-HCO3(-)-ATPase activity in brush border membrane of rat proximal tubuli was selectively damaged in gentamicin nephrotoxicity, indicating that the rats are the suitable model for studies of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in humans.
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PMID:Comparison of gentamicin nephrotoxicity between rats and mice. 856 86

To study the relationship between the dynamic actin web and bile secretion, we developed an acute model of cholestasis, using phalloidin, and examined sequential morphologic and biochemical events in rat liver. Biliary function (bite flow, bile, and canalicular membrane components) and cellular integrity (release of hepatic enzymes in serum and bile, canalicular structure, and microfilaments distribution) in rats given a single iv dose of phalloidin (0.8 mg/kg body weight) were assessed at 15, 45, and 90 min, 24 hr, and 5 days postinjection. Bile flow decreased significantly at 45 and 90 min, but cholestasis was transient since bile secretion returned to control levels at 24 hr. The biliary bile acid secretion rate was not modified during the same time period, indicating that cholestasis may have been due to impairment of the bile acid independent component of bile flow. Serum alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as biliary alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase-1 activities were not altered by phalloidin treatment. These data, coupled with morphologic studies, provide no evidence of cell damage. Electron microscopy revealed that the pericanalicular actin web in both centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes was increased at 90 min and further enlarged at 24 hr and 5 days after phalloidin injection. At all time periods, the canalicular structure was well preserved. Na+K+ -ATPase and Mg2+ -ATPase activities in membrane fractions enriched in bile canalicular complexes decreased significantly at 15 min and remained low up to Day 5. Mg2+ -ATPase activity returned to control levels by Day 5. The lipid constituents of liver cell membranes enriched in canalicular complexes showed no significant variations 90 min after toxin treatment but, at 24 hr, phospholipid content rose and membrane fluidity increased. These results clearly indicate that the bile flow variation after a single low dose of phalloidin can be dissociated from specific pericanalicular microfilament distribution, lending further support to the view that normal biliary function is not strictly dependent on the integrity of the actin filament network.
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PMID:Structural and functional alterations of hepatocytes during transient phalloidin-induced cholestasis in the rat. 860 35

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.
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PMID:Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes 932 Mar 94


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