Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. A variety of biochemical measurements were taken periodically in captive northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus L.), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula L.) to determine whether baseline values remain sufficiently stable throughout the year for general clinical use in the absence of concurrent control specimens. 2. Variables included whole blood hematocrit and hemoglobin, plasma lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, albumin, total protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and brain acetylcholinesterase. Butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase were included because of their specific uses in toxicology. 3. Significant seasonal differences were detected for each of the variables except brain acetylcholinesterase in at least one of the species. Significant species differences were detected during at least one season for all of the variables measured. 4. All species were maintained outdoors, but only northern bobwhites came into reproductive condition and showed sex-differences in the clinical variables during their normal breeding season. 5. It was concluded that reference values for the 18 clinical variables measured could be calculated from our data for adult specimens of the species studied, and that results for one species cannot be extrapolated with certainty to any other species. 6. Estimated normal bounds for each of the 18 variables measured by commonly used clinical procedures are presented for reproductively quiescent northern bobwhites, European starlings, red-winged blackbirds, and common grackles.
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PMID:Seasonal variation in diagnostic enzymes and biochemical constituents of captive northern bobwhites and passerines. 366 39

Female BALB/c and B6C3F1 mice were examined after a 3-wk exposure to dietary estradiol (0, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ppb) in a purified (AIN-76A) or a natural-ingredient (NIH-07) diet. The use of AIN-76A was associated with a 9-13% greater (p less than 0.001) body weight and a 36-43% higher (p less than 0.001) serum cholesterol in both mouse genotypes when compared to mice fed NIH-07. Conversely, when fed NIH-07, both mouse genotypes had a 20-22% higher (p less than 0.003) serum urea nitogren and 2-3.5% higher erythrocyte count (p less than 0.001) and hemoglobin concentration (p less than 0.04) than when fed AIN-76A. Reduced erythrocyte parameters suggest that chronic feeding of the purified diet might result in anemia. No significant compound or diet-related differences were noted for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or gamma-glutamyl transferase. Although there was no diet effect on absolute or differential white blood cell count, estradiol caused a decrease in the total white blood cell count (p less than 0.014) and an increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (p less than 0.014) in BALB/c and decreased the percentage of lymphocytes (p less than 0.005) in B6C3F1 females. In addition, estradiol increased uterine weight and inhibited thymic and splenic weights in one or both genotypes. Spleen and thymus weight responses to estradiol were not significantly influenced by diet. However, the uterine weight responses to estradiol were apparently influenced by diet in both genotypes. In B6C3F1 mice, the uterus weighed more at each level of estradiol when mice were fed AIN-76A compared to NIH-07 diet. In BALB/c mice, this was true only at the two lower dietary concentrations of estradiol. In conclusion, mice fed the purified diet, AIN-76A, differed from those fed the cereal-based diet, NIH-07, in hematology, clinical chemistry, and uterine weight response to estradiol.
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PMID:Effects of purified (AIN-76A) and natural-ingredient (NIH-07) diets on responses of BALB/c and B6C3F1 female mice to estradiol. 368 22

Adult male rats (Crl:COBS CD (SD)BR) were given undiluted ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) by gavage in doses of 222, 443, or 885 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week over a 6-week period. A dose-dependent decrease, which was statistically significant at the high dose, was seen in body weight gain. Feed consumption was also significantly reduced at the 885-mg/kg dose. The most significant toxic effects produced by EGBE were on the red blood cells including a significant dose-dependent decrease in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell counts, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were increased at all dose levels. Effects secondary to the red cell effects included increased spleen weights, splenic congestion, and hemosiderin accumulation in the liver and kidneys. Relative liver weights and serum alkaline phosphatase (443- and 885-mg/kg doses) and serum alanine aminotransferase (885-mg/kg dose) levels were increased. Glucose was significantly reduced in the animals given 885 mg/kg/day. EGBE had no adverse effects on the testes, bone marrow, thymus, or white blood cells.
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PMID:Subchronic oral toxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in male rats. 369 24

A reference range data base containing serum chemistry and hematology values on over 3000 animals is described. Data listed include the mean, standard deviation, and 10th and 90th percentiles for each of the following parameters. Serum chemistry: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (monkey only), lactate dehydrogenase (dog only), and creatine kinase (dog only). Hematology: hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells, reticulocytes, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin percent, platelets, white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and stabs. The species included are mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, beagle dog, and cynomolgus monkey. The use of the reference ranges in routine computerized data collection is discussed.
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PMID:Reference range data base for serum chemistry and hematology values in laboratory animals. 371 84

This study was performed to examine the relationship between postmortem biochemical values and cause of death. The follow samples were taken from 399 corpses: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 376, suboccipital), blood (n = 158, femoral vein), and urine (n = 101, at autopsy). (See Table 1 for causes of death) All samples were stored at -80 degrees C. A further 100 samples of blood were later taken and stored at +4 degrees C before testing. Biochemical determinations made were: glucose in CSF, blood, and urine (hexokinase method); lactate (LDH/GPT) and free acetone (HS-gas chromatography) in CSF; hemoglobin A1 in blood (microcolumn technique). In 34 cases fatal diabetic coma was considered verified by morphological and chemical findings. One hundred cases of sudden cardiac death were chosen as the main control group. In 32 of the 34 cases defined above, the value of the formula of Traub (glucose + lactate in CSF) exceeded 415 mg/dl. It is not influenced significantly by hyperglycemia or hyperlactatemia due to factors other than diabetes (i.e., carbon monoxide, asphyxia). After death the value rose till the 30th hpm, then remained stable for at least 1 week. Fatal coma was defined as the ketoacidotic form if free acetone in CSF ranged above 21 mg/l. In these cases, CSF glucose and free acetone correlated positively. Hemoglobin A1 remained stable after death. Its amount was independent from postmortem blood glucose, postmortem interval and total hemoglobin. Furthermore, the manner of storage (-80 degrees or +4 degrees C) had no significant influence on its values. In 29 of 34 cases of fatal coma, Hb A1 exceeded 12.1%. Analysis of urine glucose showed elevated levels (over 500 mg/dl) in diabetic comas. On conclusion, fatal diabetic coma seems indicated as the cause of death if measured values of postmortem biochemistry exceed the following limits: CSF-Traub 415 mg/dl, free acetone (CSF) 21 mg/l; Hb A1 12.1%; urine glucose 500 mg/dl. Most important are the Traub formula and hemoglobin A1. Usually, in fatal coma both values are elevated. If both of them are normal, diabetic coma can nearly be excluded. Combined evaluation of all values is absolutely necessary. Morphology must also always be taken into account. Consequently, a diagnosis of fatal coma can be obtained by a process of elimination.
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PMID:[Biochemical measurements of glucose metabolism in relation to cause of death and postmortem effects]. 376 99

The safety and efficacy of a conjugate of pyridoxalated hemoglobin and polyethylene glycol (pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin) were evaluated after administration to rats. The LD50 (lethal dose for 50% survival of group) of pyridoxalated polyethylene glycol (PEG) hemoglobin was greater than 200 ml/kg. Any pro- or anticoagulation activity was not demonstrated in in vitro coagulation tests. One day after 70% exchange-transfusion with pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin, slight elevations of the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and blood urea nitrogen values, which were 101.7 +/- 22.6 IU/L, 33.3 +/- 7.2 IU/L, and 23.1 +/- 1.4 mg/dl, respectively, were observed. However, these values were in the normal range after 3 days. With greater than 90% exchange-transfusion, all rats exchange-transfused with pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin survived for greater than 2 weeks in contrast to the death of all the rats exchange-transfused with stroma-free hemoglobin or albumin.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of hemoglobin-polyethylene glycol conjugate (pyridoxalated polyethylene glycol hemoglobin) as an oxygen-carrying resuscitation fluid. 380 Jul 3

The effects of ketamine anesthesia (15 mg/kg body weight) on hematological and serum biochemical values were examined in six female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) who were born in the wild. As control, another six female cynomolgus monkeys of the same origin were injected with physiological saline. The white blood cell count, total protein concentration, albumin concentration and calcium concentration decreased after the injection of ketamine, whereas the red blood cell count, hematocrit value, hemoglobin concentration, total cholesterol concentration, free cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, transaminase activities (GOT, GPT) and alkaline phosphatase activity were not affected. A transient increase of the serum glucose level was observed within 10 minutes after ketamine injection. The relationship between these effects of ketamine anesthesia and serum cortisol levels measured by radioimmunoassay was discussed.
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PMID:[The effects of ketamine anesthesia on hematological and serum biochemical values in female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)]. 380 31

A polymethylmethacrylate total artificial heart (kinetic components made of polyetherurethane) of TNS Brno II type was implanted into seven calves (2-5 months of age) surviving for the average of 152.4 +/- 19.1 days after the implantation. During the entire post-operative period the animals received oral warfarin-sodium, acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole and alpha-tocopherol. Blood was taken for biochemical and hematological examinations twice a week from the jugular vein. During the experiments there were decreases in the number of red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Plasma free hemoglobin and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, LDH) increased. Coagulation tests were abnormal because anticoagulation therapy was used. There were minimal changes in the number of white blood cells and platelets, fibrinogen, blood pH, blood glucose, serum electrolytes, bilirubin (total and direct), creatinine, blood urea, and lactate. Possible reasons for observed changes include the gradual rise in the central venous pressure and damaged function of the liver parenchyma. Other factors playing a possible role in inducing changes in laboratory findings are also discussed.
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PMID:Hematological and biochemical studies in calves living over 100 days with the polymethylmethacrylate total artificial heart TNS Brno II. 395 54

The association between a number of blood and serum quantities and industrial organic solvent exposure and poisoning, alcohol consumption, smoking, and age was analysed in 277 subjects by multiple regression analysis. Solvent poisoning was associated with changes in S-creatine kinase concentrate at the P less than 0.001 level (higher if exposed, lower if non-exposed at the examination time). Solvent exposure seemed to potentiate the effects of smoking on B-hemoglobin conc. and B-erythrocyte volume fraction, and the effect of age on S-creatinine conc. at the P less than 0.05 level, while there was no interaction between alcohol consumption and solvents. Alcohol consumption in itself, as well as smoking and age, were highly significantly associated with changes in a large number of blood and serum quantities. There was no difference in the alcohol markers (mean erythrocyte volume = MCV, S-alanine aminotransferase and S-urate) in patients with solvent poisoning compared to healthy volunteers. The results indicate that studies on the effects of solvents of haematology and biochemistry are not valid unless the effects of alcohol, smoking and age are established; and that excessive alcohol consumption is an unlikely explanation for the symptoms of patients with solvent poisoning. The findings suggest that smoking and age may have combined effects with solvents.
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PMID:Influence of solvents, alcohol, smoking and age on biological tests. 398 56

A clinical study of the adverse effects induced by the endocrine therapy with a high dose of estrogen in 45 patients with stage C or D prostatic carcinoma is conducted. Transient decreases of hemoglobin and serum protein values were observed after administration of estrogen. The levels of glutamine-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase showed a transient increase. The value of serum total cholesterol and electrolytes showed no changes. Serial evaluations of electrocardiograms have played a minor role in the observation of cardiovascular disease. Up to date we have not experienced cardiovascular death in our cases during the endocrine therapy.
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PMID:Adverse effects during endocrine therapy for prostatic carcinoma with a high dose of estrogen. 399 37


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