Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new, sensitive, two-step method free from interference by hemoglobin that measures erythrocyte glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (E-GPT) activity is described. Several aspects of E-GPT activity as an index of vitamin B-6 nutritional status were investigated with this method. 1) GPT shows a structural genetic polymorphism with two common alleles resulting in three phenotypes. In a population study (n = 92) E-GPT activity differed significantly (p less than 0.001) among the three phenotypic groups. Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate concentrations in the three groups did not differ significantly. Therefore, E-GPT activity can only be used to assess vitamin B-6 nutritional status if GPT phenotype is accounted for. 2) Pyridoxine supplementation (10 mg/d) significantly (p less than 0.0001) increased E-GPT activity and decreased (p less than 0.0001) the percentage stimulation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in vitro although the absolute amount of in vitro stimulation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate changed only marginally. 3) Inorganic phosphate inhibits in vitro activation of E-GPT by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphism of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransaminase): influence on erythrocyte activity as a marker of vitamin B-6 nutritional status. 259 31

Gluconeogenesis was studied in hemoglobin-free perfused livers from chickens that had received daily injections of dexamethasone sulfate for 5 days. Dexamethasone increased to approximately 160% the level of plasma glucose and doubled the content of hepatic glycogen in fed chickens. In the isolated perfused livers from chickens starved for 48 h after the last dexamethasone injection, the rates of production of glucose from lactate decreased by approximately 30% and biphasic changes in glucose production from fructose proceeded in parallel with biphasic changes in the production of lactate and pyruvate. Quinolinate had no effect on gluconeogenesis in both groups. NH4Cl markedly inhibited the production of glucose from pyruvate-lactate mixtures in dexamethasone-treated chickens but stimulated in controls. Aminooxyacetate reversed the effects of NH4Cl in dexamethasone-treated chickens. The data presented provide evidence indicating that the reaction of mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase plays an important role in the regulation of the hepatic gluconeogenesis in dexamethasone-treated chickens.
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PMID:Gluconeogenesis in perfused livers from dexamethasone-treated chickens. 270 79

After racing 722 m, 16 Greyhounds were evaluated to determine changes in hematologic, biochemical, blood-gas, and acid-base values following exercise. Values were determined before racing (T0), immediately after racing (T1), and 3 hours after racing (T2). Significant changes detected immediately after racing included increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Significant changes in hematologic values included increases in PCV, total plasma protein, hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Change was not detected in values for monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Other increases included those for plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, lactic acid, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose. Concentrations of potassium and urea did not change. Measurement of blood-gas and acid-base status revealed significant increases in PaO2 and base deficit, whereas PaCO2, pH, and bicarbonate decreased. Three hours after exercise, all vital signs and blood-gas and acid-base values, except for PaCO2, which was still slightly low, had returned to baseline (T0) values. Most biochemical values had also returned to baseline, although sodium, chloride, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase were still high, and urea was low. Many hematologic values were still different from baseline values, with high values for WBC, neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and low values for PCV, total plasma protein, hemoglobin, RBC, and lymphocytes.
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PMID:Hematologic, biochemical, blood-gas, and acid-base values in greyhounds before and after exercise. 271 27

The causes of variability in cyclosporine (CS) clearance (CL) are mostly unknown. The pharmacokinetics of CS were studied in 30 adult uremic patients after single intravenous and oral doses by analyzing serial concentrations in serum by radioimmunoassay (SR) and in whole blood by radioimmunoassay (WR) and high pressure liquid chromatography (WH). Bioavailability (F) and CL were calculated by noncompartmental models and were significantly different depending upon the assay method except for FSR = FWR: FSR = 43.2 +/- 21.7%; FWR = 43.5 +/- 18.5%; FWH = 36.4 +/- 17.3%; CLSR = 849 +/- 363 ml/min; CLWR = 380 +/- 156 ml/min; CLWH = 559 +/- 174 ml/min. The age of the patients and parameters describing body size such as weight, surface area and percent of ideal weight were not correlated with CL. The height of the patients correlated with CLWH but not CLSR or CLWR. Parameters responsible for CS binding in blood such as cholesterol, triglyceride, hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit did not explain variability in CL. Of the factors indicative of liver function alanine transaminase activity but not aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity nor total bilirubin concentration in serum was correlated with CL. F was not correlated with any of the demographic factors except for alanine transaminase. None of the significant correlations explained enough of the variability to afford a reliable prediction of CL or F.
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PMID:Influence of demographic factors on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in adult uremic patients. 272 14

The effects of vitamin B6 on erythrocyte metabolism, erythrocyte hemoglobin O2 affinity (P50), and nonenzymatic glycosylation were studied in 15 Caucasian men with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. A control group of 13 healthy Caucasian men was also evaluated. Before treatment, diabetic subjects had low mean cell hemoglobin concentration values and increases in both erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels and erythrocyte hexokinase activities. Although all three of these changes are associated with a decrease in hemoglobin O2 (Hb-O2) affinity, P50 values were normal in diabetic subjects. Moreover, P50 values normalized to pH 7.4 (P50(7.4] were inversely related to the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Both erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and erythrocyte ATP were also inversely related to HbA1c. Vitamin B6 nutriture, as determined by erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, was normal in all diabetic subjects before vitamin B6 therapy. Nonetheless, HbA1c levels decreased after 6 wk of treatment with 150 mg/day pyridoxine and increased again during placebo administration. These changes were not explained by changes in fasting blood glucose. Pyridoxine therapy also decreased P50(7.4) values and increased erythrocyte AST and ALT activities but had no effect on 2,3-DPG, ATP, or the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. These observations suggest that 1) nonenzymatic glycosylation may play a role in regulating both erythrocyte metabolism and Hb-O2 affinity in diabetic subjects, and 2) vitamin B6 therapy may modify nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin in this population.
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PMID:Erythrocyte O2 transport and metabolism and effects of vitamin B6 therapy in type II diabetes mellitus. 273 64

Groups of 21 male and 21 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed diets containing pyriproxyfen at concentrations of 0, 80, 400, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm for 6 months. No death was found in any group. Alopecia in the neck and/or back, and soft feces were noticed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. A marked decrease in body weight gain was observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm throughout the treatment period, accompanying a decrease in food-consumption and an increase in water-intake during the initial stage of treatment. In terms of urinalysis, proteinuria, increases in K excretion, and, in number, yellowness or browish-yellowness in appearance, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. In females fed 10,000 ppm, increases in bilirubin, Na excretion and specific gravity, and a decrease in ketone bodies, were observed. In hematology, decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm and in males fed 2,000 ppm. Also, an increase in MCH (in males), decreases in MCHC and platelet count (in females) were observed in 10,000 ppm group. Blood biochemistry revealed increases in total protein, albumin, alpha 2-globulin fraction, blood urea nitrogen, calcium (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), A/G ratio (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), total cholesterol, phospholipid (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), sodium (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (in males fed 10,000 ppm) and alpha 1-globulin fraction (in females fed 10,000 ppm), and decreases in glucose, GOT (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), beta-globulin fraction (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), GPT (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), triglyceride, potassium (in males fed 10,000 ppm), and cholinesterase activity (in female fed 10,000 ppm). In organ weight, increases in liver (in males fed 2,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), kidney (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm) and thyroid (in females fed 10,000 ppm) and a decrease in pituitary (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm) were observed. Gross pathology revealed a higher incidence of blackish-brown coloration of the liver, and a lower incidence of accentuated lobular pattern of the liver (in males fed 10,000 ppm). An enlargement of the liver was seen in a few of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. Histopathological examination showed that the sole effect attributable to treatment of this compound was on slight hypertrophy in the liver of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm, with a higher incidence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A six-month chronic dietary toxicity study of pyriproxyfen in rats]. 273 65

In isolated, hemoglobin-free perfused livers of fasted rats, formaldehyde at an initial concentration of 10 mmol/l produced toxicity as evidenced by a release of enzymes (GPT, SDH) and of glutathione (mainly GSSG) into the perfusate, an accumulation of calcium in the liver, and a depletion of hepatic glutathione. Formaldehyde also led to an enhanced release of malondialdehyde into the perfusate, indicating peroxidative processes and decreased hepatic oxygen consumption by about 50-70%. The electron microscopic investigation of formaldehyde-exposed livers showed a destruction of the mitochondria (ruptured membranes, loss of the cristae) and some damage of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Feeding the rats prior to surgery attenuated the hepatotoxic effects of 10 mmol/l formaldehyde. At an initial concentration of 3 mmol/l, formaldehyde did not release enzymes from livers of fed or fasted rats but only from those whose glutathione content had been depleted by treatment with phorone (250 mg/kg ip 2 h earlier). Formaldehyde liberated glucose and lactate from the livers of fed but not from those of fasted rats, indicating anaerobic energy supply in the fed state. The hepatotoxic action of formaldehyde is not due to its metabolism to formate or to the 10% methanol added as a stabilizing agent to the commercially available 37% solution named formalin. In conclusion, by destruction of mitochondria, formaldehyde inhibits aerobic energy supply and thereby presumably produces hepatocellular damage.
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PMID:Mechanistic study on formaldehyde-induced hepatotoxicity. 275 59

The veterinary range of application of the laboratory unit "Reflotron" (Boehringer Mannheim) was tested. This laboratory unit is able to measure the parameters glucose, urea, hemoglobin, GGT, cholesterol, triglyceride and in forthcoming future uric acid, AST, ALT and creatinine out of whole blood. It is easy to operate this apparatus. The "Reflotron" gives reliable results.
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PMID:[Clinical testing of a dry chemistry working laboratory apparatus, the "Reflotron"]. 288 54

The average biological intra-individual CV in 20 patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), estimated for 14 analytes during a stationary phase, significantly exceeded that for a normal group in the cases of Na+, K+, Cl-, total protein, albumin, cholinesterase, hemoglobin, and alpha-amylase; it did not differ significantly from the normal group for cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminopeptidase; and it was significantly lower than in the normal group for alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There were no significant sex-related differences in mean intra-individual variation in CLD patients. Individual values were gaussian-distributed for all analytes, including enzymes. The estimated biological component of intra-individual variation and the analytical variation as determined for each laboratory can be used to derive decision-making criteria in monitoring CLD.
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PMID:Intra-individual variation of analytes in serum from patients with chronic liver diseases. 288 11

The prevalence of raised serum liver-associated enzyme activity in stabilised, treated diabetic outpatients without concurrent hepatobiliary disease was investigated using a retrospective computer search of biochemical data. The frequency of raised alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or gamma glutamyl transferase activity found among diabetic, general medical and respiratory outpatients was compared with that found in apparently healthy controls. It was established that a raised activity of any of the three enzymes occurred with a similar frequency in each outpatient group. However, only with alanine aminotransferase did the frequency of elevation (7.1%) in the patients with previously diagnosed hepatobiliary disease exceed that of healthy controls. A raised alanine aminotransferase activity in diabetic outpatients was associated with good glycemic control (hemoglobin A1 less than 8%, p less than 0.02) and treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents (p less than 0.001).
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PMID:Glycemic control and raised serum alanine aminotransferase activity in treated diabetes mellitus. 290 Jul 4


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