Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Deoxyschisandrin (VIII) and five new lignans, named schisantherin A, B, C, D, and E, were isolated from the active fraction of the fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. Their configurations and conformations were established by exhaustive spectral analysis as well as chemical degradations as shown in Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb; IVa, IVb, and Va, Vb respectively, and their absolute configurations at biphenyl, at C6, C7, and C8 were all assigned to be S form. The position of the methylenedioxyl group in the structures of gamma-schisandrin and Wuweizisu C (as described in the literature), isolated from Schisandra chinensis, must be corrected as shown in VI and VII respectively. In pharmacologica studies and preliminary clinical trials, schisantherin A, B, C, and D showed good effect in lowering the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase level of the patients suffering from chronic virus hepatitis. Schisantherin E and deoxyschisandrin were not effective.
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PMID:Studies on the active principles of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. The structures of schisantherin A, B, C, D, E, and the related compounds. 23 22

The quantitative differences between the activity of the 3 common phenotypes of human red cell GPT has been confirmed. In addition, the activity of red cell GPT 1 was found to be greater in young children than in adults. No such difference was found for the GPT 2 phenotype. The activity of the red cell GPT 1 was found to decrease with age, reaching the adult level at the age of 10 to 12 years. Red cell GPT of all the 3 common phenotypes in both adults and children was found to show a similar response to the addition of excess pyridoxal phosphate. A method has been devised for the partial purification of human GPT (cytoplasmic) from liver. GPT 1 and GPT 2 have been purified, and very few significant differences were found amongst the physical and kinetic parameters tested.
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PMID:Comparative studies on the human glutamate-pyruvate transaminase phenotypes--GPT 1, GPT 2-1, GPT 2. 24 1

A rabbit model was used to determine the effects of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid on cellular integrity and survival during endotoxic shock. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha were infused intravenously at a rate of 1.0 microgram/kg/min for 105 min beginning 15 min after the administration of an LD60 dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. While each of the prostaglandins tested significantly attenuated the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase in the plasma of shocked animals, none were able to protect against the increase in the plasma activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase or cathepsin D during the shock state. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha did not significantly enhance the survival of the treated animals as compared to vehicle-treated controls. In contrast, arachidonic acid 15 microgram/kg/min i.v.) significantly prevented the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in the plasma of shocked animals, and also significantly increased the number of survivors in this group 48 hours after the endotoxin administration. In summary, while the treatment of endotoxic rabbits with prostaglandins of the A, E and F series was of no survival value, the treatment of these animals with a substrate of the prostaglandin synthetase complex resulted in a dramatic increase in the survival rate. The mechanism of action of arachidonic acid in this regard is not clear.
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PMID:Endotoxic shock in the rabbit: the effects of prostaglandin and arachidonic acid administration. 35 77

The role of lipids in the altered energy metabolism of shock remains to be delineated fully. During the course of our studies of endotoxic shock, the susceptibility of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient rats to endotoxin was evaluated. Intravenous administration of S. Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1 mg/100 gm) in normal male Long-Evans rats (7--8 weeks old) produced severe shock with an 88% mortality. In marked contrast, injection of this dose of endotoxin in EFA-deficient rats of the same age resulted in only an 18% mortality. The deficient state afforded significant protection to even supralethal doses of endotoxin (2 mg/100 gm). Evaluation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity with colloidal carbon did not reveal significant differences in RE clearance rates. Within five hours after induction of shock, however, plasma acid hydrolase activity of shocked control rats was approximately double that of the EFA-deficient group. Likewise, the endotoxin induced hypoglycemic response was milder in the EFA-deficient rats. The lower plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the EFA-deficient group also indicated a maintenance of hepatic integrity. These observations suggest that essential fatty acids of their products (ie, prostaglandins) contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock.
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PMID:Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxic shock. 39 79

Serial liver enzyme and bilirubin concentrations were measured in 100 patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Between the eighth and tenth days, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels rose to 5.4 times pretotal parenteral nutrition levels; serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, 2.8 times; bilirubin, 2.3 times, and lactic dehydrogenase, 1.5 times. These elevations were transient, lasting four to ten days. Biopsies of the liver taken during maximal elevations demonstrated marked periportal fatty change. A second elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase occurred in one-third to one-half of those patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for longer than a 20 day period. These elevations were more prolonged, and no biopsies were taken. Amino acid solutions contain conversion products of tryptophan, an amino acid that is unstable in the presence of the preservative sodium bisulfite which is added to all commercially available protein solutions. Infusion of these products into rats, either alone or as part of total parenteral nutrition solutions, resulted in periportal fatty change of the livers identical to that seen in our patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. A toxic effect of tryptophan conversion products in total parenteral nutrition solutions is proposed.
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PMID:Serum hepatic enzyme and bilirubin elevations during parenteral nutrition. 40 35

Cases of hepatitis virus infection in Japanese recipients of blood transfusions were serologically and clinically analyzed after the introduction of laboratory screening of donor blood for hepatitis B surface antigen by counter immunoelectrophoresis. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred in 116 (10.7%) and hepatitis type B in nine (0.9%) of the 1,082 recipients. The incubation period of the post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis cases varied from two to 33 weeks, but most occurred within 15 weeks. In 97 (83.6%) of the 116 cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis studied, the duration of abnormal elevation of the level of serum alanine aminotransferase (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) was 16 weeks. The cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis could be divided into three groups according to the pattern of elevation of SGPT levels. These findings may suggest either a multiple etiology for non-A, non-B hepatitis or a variety of clinical symptoms with a single etiology for the infection.
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PMID:Non-B hepatitis in Japanese recipients of blood transfusions: clinical and serologic studies after the introduction of laboratory screening of donor blood for hepatitis B surface antigen. 43 50

In rats, 3 days treatment with paracetamol (1 oral dose of 1 g/kg daily) produced a complete protection against the hepatotoxic actions of a further dose of paracetamol as documented by determination of serum enzyme activities (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), bromsulphthalein retention and histological investigations. Subacute paracetamol treatment decreased liver glutathione levels by 46%, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content by 23%, hepatic hydroxylation of aniline by 29% and hepatic demethylation of aminopyrine by 46%. It afforded also some protection against the hepatotoxic actions of carbon tetrachloride, bromobenzene and thioacetamide, but did not influence the antiphlogistic activity of paracetamol (carrageenan paw edema test). Plasma and liver concentrations of free paracetamol after oral administration of 1 g/kg paracetamol were somewhat higher in the subacutely paracetamol-pretreated rats than in the non-pretreated control animals whereas no differences in the concentrations of conjugated paracetamol were found between the 2 groups. Pretreatment with paracetamol did not influence the urinary excretion of free paracetamol but caused some shift in the urinary excretion of paracetamol conjugates: pretreated rats excreted 23% less of the paracetamol glucuronide and sulfate and 33% more of the paracetamol mercapturate than the control animals. A depression of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity is presumed to be the main cause of the paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Studies on the mechanism of paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity. 47 30

A retrospective study of the clinical findings and natural history of 140 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma treated at Wayne State University over a ten year period was done. Multiple organ metastases were diagnosed clinically in 78 per cent of all patients and seen at all autopsies. Routine roentgenograms of the chest did not diagnose metastases to the lung in 27 per cent of the patients. The concimitant elevation of alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase enzymes is suggestive of underlying metastases to the liver even with a negative liver scan or normal liver size. Electroencephalography was found to be sensitive in predicting and confirming metastases to the central nervous system prior to clinical manifestation with a 97 per cent accuracy rate in clinically confirmed instances as compared with a 60 per cent accuracy rate with brain scan. Age, sex and primary site of melanoma did not influence the survival once the disease became disseminated. Patients with a disease-free interval of more than six months statistically have a better chance of survival from the onset of systemic metastases, p = 0.001. Patients with a poor performance status of less than or equal to 40 per cent had a median survival period of one month as compared with six months with 90 per cent performance, p = 0.001. Patients who initially presented with metastases to the skin or lymph nodes without other visceral involvement had a 14 month median survival rate as compared with eight months in patients with metastases to the central nervous system only, four months with metastases to the liver and only one month in patients with multiple organ involvement, p = 0.0001.
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PMID:Clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic factors in advanced malignant melanoma. 50 43

Normotensive, Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were subjected to aortic ligature. The systolic blood pressure of S-D rats was increased by +/- 80 mm Hg, whereas the blood pressure of SH rats with pre-existent hypertension increased only slightly, +/- 9 mm Hg. The S-D rats developed myocardial and renal infarcts as well as polyarteritis nodosa; the SH rats developed testicular and microadrenocortical infarcts only. Aortic-ligated S-D rats had elevated creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactic hydrogenase levels and manifested hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Corticosterone levels increased in aortic-ligated S-D rats but decreased in SH rats. Collateralization about the site of aortic ligature appeared to be the same in both strains. It is suggested that the acutely induced hypertension in S-D rats rather than SH rats and differences in adrenal steroidogenesis between the two strains would best account for the dichotomous cardiovascular response to aortic constriction.
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PMID:Diverse cardiovascular responses to aortic constriction in normotensive Sprague-Dawley versus spontaneously hypertensive rats. 50 90

Ceforanide, a new cephalosporin antibiotic with a long half-life (3 h), can be administered twice daily. We evaluated its antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy. Twenty-seven patients with infections due to susceptible organisms received ceforanide, 0.5, 1, or 2 g, intramuscularly or intravenously every 12 h for 6 to 28 days. In vitro studies with the clinical isolates from 27 patients treated plus 263 additional isolates showed that ceforanide was active against cephalothin-susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. In addition, ceforanide inhibited 65% of cephalothin-resistant Escherichia coli and 65% of Enterobacter spp. at </=12.5 mug/ml. After a single 1-g intramuscular dose, the mean peak plasma concentration at 1 h was 48.9 mug/ml and that at 12 h was 4.7 mug/ml. Plasma accumulation occurred in some patients. The infections included 10 pneumonias, 3 with bacteremia and 1 with empyema; 11 soft tissue infections, 4 with abscesses and 3 with sepsis; and 3 urinary tract infections. One case each of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and septic thrombophlebitis, all due to Staphylococcus aureus, were treated. Clinical response was satisfactory in all patients; bacteriological response was satisfactory in 26 of 27 patients. Ceforanide was well tolerated. Three patients developed mild increases in liver enzymes, and one developed slight eosinophilia. In another case, the antibiotic was discontinued because of a fivefold rise in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) and a twofold rise in lactic acid dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:Ceforanide: in vitro and clinical evaluation. 50 95


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