Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of omeprazole are reviewed. Omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, has a unique site and mechanism of action because it inhibits the proton pump--i.e., hydrogen, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+,K+-ATPase)--and consequently blocks the final common step in the gastric acid secretory pathway. Omeprazole inhibits basal and histamine-, gastrin- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric hydrochloric acid secretion. It produces a dose-dependent reduction in gastric acidity, gastric acid output, and gastric juice volume and has variable effects on pepsin secretion. Omeprazole has no documented effect on esophageal motility or lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Omeprazole is variably absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and food appears to decrease the rate, but not the extent, of drug absorption. The drug is approximately 95% bound to plasma proteins and is metabolized to inactive components that are enterohepatically or renally eliminated. Omeprazole is more effective (in most studies) than H2-receptor antagonists in treating duodenal ulcer, at least as effective in treating benign gastric ulcer, and more effective in treating reflux esophagitis. Omeprazole has been used successfully in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome refractory to treatment with H2-receptor antagonists. Gastrointestinal complaints (nausea and diarrhea) are the most commonly reported adverse effects associated with omeprazole therapy. The most frequently reported laboratory abnormality occurring with omeprazole use is elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. Omeprazole will serve a valuable role in the management of gastrointestinal tract ulcers and hypersecretory conditions.
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PMID:Therapeutic evaluation of omeprazole. 306 85

The activity levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and total adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were studied in muscle, gill, liver and brain tissues of control and methyl parathion exposed (MPE) fish. Both aminotransferases were elevated in all the tissues inferring the diversion of alpha-amino acids into the TCA cycle as keto acids to augment energy production during methyl parathion (MP) stress. In gill, liver and brain tissues, there seemed to be a shift in the aminotransferase reactions under MP impact. The total ATPase activity was decreased in all tissues, suggesting inhibition of active transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
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PMID:Tissue specific alteration of aminotransferases and total ATPases in the fish (Tilapia mossambica) under methyl parathion impact. 622 5

Skeletal limb muscles of the dog could generally be differentiated into three fibre types according to myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (pH 9.4) and succinic dehydrogenase activities. However, because this was not always possible, for comparative purposes only, division into low myosin ATPase (slow twitch) type I and high myosin ATPase (fast twitch) type II fibres was used. The percentage of these fibre types in m deltoideus, m triceps brachii caput longum, m vastus lateralis, m gluteus medius, m biceps femoris and m semitendinosus was examined in the greyhound, crossbred and foxhound. In all muscles the greyhound had a significantly higher percentage of fibres with high myosin ATPase activity at pH 9.4 than the other breeds, with almost 100 per cent in most muscles examined. The activities of nine enzymes and glycogen concentration were determined in m gluteus medius and m semitendinosus of the greyhound and crossbred. Significantly higher levels of creatine kinase, aldolase, alanine aminotransferase and citrate synthase and significantly lower activities of 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and hexokinase were found in both muscles of the greyhound. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle fibre composition in the dog and its relationship to athletic ability. 645 29

The activities of 13 liver and 6 brain enzymes were studied in 7-12 week old CD2F1 male mice that had been fed ad libitum and standardized either to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness (1800-0600) (LD12:12); or to a reversed light-dark cycle (darkness 0600-1800; light 1800-0600) (DL12:12). Three separate studies were performed on two different days; in each experiment, subgroups of 14 animals were sacrificed at 3-hour intervals. Livers were assayed for: isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glyoxylate reductase, L-alanine aminotransferase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, pyruvate decarboxylase, fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, and fatty acid synthetase. Brains were assayed for phosphoglucose isomerase, adenosine triphosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, pyruvate kinase, adenylate kinase, and malate dehydrogenase. All 19 enzymes demonstrated a prominent circadian rhythm in at least one experiment. Moreover, each rhythmic variable showed a statistically significant fit to a 24-hour cosine (sine) curve by the method of least squares. In general, peak activities of the liver enzymes analyzed were associated with the beginning of the dark cycle and initiation of the animal's activity, while the group of brain enzymes had peak activities which occurred at the beginning of the animals' rest span and were near the beginning of the light cycle. The phasing of each of the rhythms could be reversed within a two-week span after reversing the environmental light-dark cycle 180 degrees.
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PMID:Circadian organization of thirteen liver and six brain enzymes of the mouse. 731 49

Continuous warm blood cardioplegia was widely used, as an effective means of myocardial preservation, in open heart surgery. The comparisons of myocardial protective effects between traditional cold crystalloid and warm blood cardioplegia, however, have been based mainly on hemodynamics, cardiac function and myocardial metabolism, other than clinical outcome. The present study was designed to examine myocardial protective effects by assessing clinical outcome, enzyme levels and myocardial cytochemistry. Twenty patients undergoing heart valve replacement were divided randomly into two groups: Group I was given intermittent perfusion of cold crystalloid (St. Thomas Hospital solution) with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and Group II was given continuous administration of warm blood cardioplegia with normothermic CPB. The groups were similar with respect to sex, age, body surface area and preoperative ventricular function. Blood samples were obtained from an indwelling radial arterial catheter or from the arterial end of the oxygenator. Biopsy specimens from the right atrium were obtained immediately before aortic declamping (ischemic period) and 30 minutes after crossclamp removal (reperfusion period). Serum enzymes, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CK) and its isoenzyme, were determined. Myocardial cytochemistry were chiefly assessed by grey-scale image processing of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome oxidase (CCO) examinations. Relations among the results were discussed. Reperfusion time was reduced and ventilation support time decreased in Group II (33.50 +/- 3.78 min vs. 25.00 +/- 4.46 min, p < 0.05; 38.98 +/- 16.55 h vs. 19.84 +/- 1.11 h, p < 0.05). Rates of atrial beating during aortic crossclamp and spontaneous recovery to normal sinus rhythm were much higher in Group II than in Group I (80% vs. 20%, p < 0.05; 70% vs. 10%, p < 0.05). Differences in hospital morbidity and mortality between groups were nonsignificant. Serum AST, ALT, LDH and LDH1 + LDH2 all showed no significant intergroup differences. There was a higher serum CK-MB level with a delayed peak in Group II. The cytochemistry activities of ATPase was not different between groups and periods and SDH was the highest during reperfusion period in Group I and of CCO significantly much promoted in Group II in both periods. Continuous warm blood cardioplegia resulted in higher spontaneous recovery to sinus rhythm, shorter reperfusion and ventilation support time. Damage to the myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver always occur in warm blood cardioplegic patients. However, warm blood cardioplegia is still a practical method for myocardial preservation in open heart surgery.
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PMID:A generalized consideration of myocardial preservation with cold crystalloid versus warm blood cardioplegia in heart valve replacement. 961 11

Intracellular-type electrolyte solutions were introduced into organ preservation to prevent K+ efflux and Na+ and Cl- influx into cells and cell swelling during cold ischemia. We studied cation accumulation in the interstitial space by microdialysis, during rat liver cold storage and after flush-out with high-K+ and low-K+ solutions. The effect of Na+ and K+ on graft function and survival was studied in an isolated perfused liver model and an orthotopic transplantation model after rat liver storage in iso-osmolar high-K+ and low-K+ solutions. After 24 hours of cold ischemia [Na+]o dropped from 136 +/- 2 mmol/L to 91.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, and [K+]o increased from 5.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L to 12.2 +/- 1.6 mmol/L (P < .001 vs. control). [Na+]o and [K+]o after flush-out did not equilibrate with [Na+]sol and [K+]sol after 24 hours of cold storage. Rat livers preserved in low-K+ solutions produced significantly more bile during isolated reperfusion and released less alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase into the reperfusion medium than high-K+ solutions. Rat liver survival after 14 hours of preservation was higher in low-K+ solutions (13 of 13) than in high-K+ solutions (7 of 13). Those studies indicate that during cold storage of rat livers, transmembraneous Na+-K+ sodium-potassium exchange might not follow the 3:2 stochiometry of a sole sodium-potassium exchange via Na+-K+ sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and that low-K+ solutions might improve graft function and survival after rat liver preservation.
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PMID:Interstitial accumulation of Na+ and K+ during flush-out and cold storage of rat livers: implications for graft survival. 979 18

The in vivo effect of the administration of extracts of Momordica charantia on certain biochemical parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. It was observed that there was an increase in muscle and liver protein levels, while there was a reduction in the levels of brain protein, muscle and liver glycogen. The activities of plasma L-alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were reduced. The L-aspartate transaminase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were slightly elevated in whole plant extract treated rats while the L-aspartate transaminase was unaffected by the ethanol extract but reduced the adenosine triphosphatase activity.
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PMID:Stimulation of protein biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes by extracts of Momordica charantia. 1126 4

The efficacy of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene 1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) was examined in the treatment of beryllium-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats. Single administration of beryllium nitrate at a dose of 50 mg/kg (i.m.) on day 13 of gestation caused reductions in fetal and placental weights, the number of implantation sites and number of corpora lutea, as well as causing post-implantation loss, stunted growth, increase in the number of resorptions, and also a disturbed sex ratio. Maternal toxicity was demonstrated by reduction in body weight gain. Administration of beryllium also showed significant alteration in the hematological and biochemical indices of the mother as well as the fetus. Marked decreases were recorded in hemoglobin percentage, blood sugar levels, serum protein contents and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. By contrast, significant elevation was found in the activity of transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). Tissue protein contents, glycogen contents, activities of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase of kidney, lungs and uterus, and maternal and fetal liver all showed significantly decreased values after beryllium exposure, and remarkable elevation was observed in acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and hepatic lipid peroxidation. These parameters were restored considerably with administration of 471 mg/kg i.m. Tiron from days 14 to 18 of gestation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry also revealed a high concentration of beryllium in different organs of pregnant rats. Interestingly, a small amount of metal ion was also detected in the fetus and reduced accumulation of beryllium was noticed after Tiron treatment.
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PMID:Protective effect of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) against beryllium-induced maternal and fetal toxicity in rats. 1218 11

The effect of ten phytotherapeutic products on CCl(4) intoxicated liver in albino male Wistar rats was investigated. Biochemical parameters, including serum transaminase activity (GPT and GOT), histoenzymological measurements (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH, cytochromoxidase, CyOx; Mg(2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, ATP-ase) and histochemical (Sudan black) and histological examinations (haematoxylin-eosin staining) of the liver were investigated. Some positive effects such as the reduction of hepatocytolysis and steatosis, and a return to normal values of the activity of some enzymes in the following plants: Chrysanthemum balsamita, Echinacea pallida, Calendula officinalis and Corylus avelana were obtained.
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PMID:The hepatoprotective action of ten herbal extracts in CCl4 intoxicated liver. 1622 May 65

Synergistic therapeutic potential of ferritin (5mg/kg, i.p.) and propolis (honeybee hive product; 200mg/kg, p.o.) was analyzed to encounter the beryllium induced biochemical and ultra morphological alterations. Female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 28 days followed by treatment of above mentioned therapeutic agents either individually or in combination for five consecutive days. Exposure to beryllium increased its concentration in serum, liver and kidney and significantly altered the activities of CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and microsomal proteins. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, protein, creatinine and urea in serum as well as hemoglobin and blood glucose level; activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, total protein contents, glycogen contents, lipid peroxidation and glutathione level in liver and kidney were significantly altered after beryllium administration. Beryllium exposure severely altered ultramorphology of liver and kidney that proved its toxic consequences at cellular level. Ferritin in combination with propolis dramatically reversed the alterations of these variables towards control in a synergistic manner concluding its beneficial effects over monotherapy in attenuating beryllium induced systemic toxicity.
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PMID:Synergistic effects of ferritin and propolis in modulation of beryllium induced toxicogenic alterations. 1862 18


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