Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several key enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism were assayed in Setaria digitata. In the cytosolic fraction pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were found. Among the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, fumarase (malate dehydration), malate dehydrogenase (malate oxidation and oxaloacetate reduction) and malic enzyme (malate decarboxylation) were detected in the mitochondrial fraction. Only reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase were found in the mitochondrial fraction. The significance of these results with respect to the metabolic capabilities of the worm are discussed.
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PMID:Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in the adult filarial worm Setaria digitata. 177 15

The activities of 18 enzymes involved in the intermediary and energy metabolism were measured in certain widely-spread peracarid crustaceans: 3 hypogean (Niphargus virei, Niphargus rhenorhodanensis and Stenasellus virei) and 2 epigean (Gammarus fossarum and Asellus aquaticus) ones. The activities of numerous enzymes were correlated with the known metabolic rates of the 5 species. Such rates are reduced in hypogean organisms: levels of enzymatic activity in subterranean species were 1.2 to 8.6 times lower than in epigean species for the main key regulatory enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase and citrate synthetase). The relative activities of phosphofructokinase, glycogen phosphorylase and hexokinase clearly indicated that glycogen was the main fuel oxidized in both epigean and hypogean organisms. A higher glycogen phosphorylase/hexokinase ratio in hypogean than in epigean crustaceans showed that subterranean species had a greater ability to function anaerobically. The presence of high activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase in all species (and of malate dehydrogenase and fumarase in hypogean species) was indicative of a coupled fermentation of glycogen and glutamate during anaerobiosis, with lactate and alanine as end-products (as well as succinate in hypogean species). A low fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase/phosphofructokinase ratio, associated with a low level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity, indicated that the glycolytic pathway was active and that gluconeogenic ability was limited in epigean crustaceans. In contrast, in hypogean species, association of a higher ratio and a high level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity suggested a low glycolytic activity and a high gluconeogenic ability.
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PMID:The activities of enzymes associated with the intermediary and energy metabolism in hypogean and epigean crustaceans. 909 Nov 76

The effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the rate of oxygen consumption by procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma congolense utilizing proline as substrate was investigated. Cyanide inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 81.0 +/- 6.7%, malonate inhibited the rate by 51.6 +/- 1.6% and Antimycin A by 73.1 +/- 5.9%. A combination of cyanide and malonate inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 84.9 +/- 6.7% while a combination of antimycin A and malonate inhibited the rate by 81.6 +/- 7.6%. Rotenone had no effect on the rate of respiration except when the intact cells were first permeabilized by digitonin after which rotenone decreased the rate of respiration by 20-30%. Salicylhydroxamate (SHAM) did not have any effect on the rate of oxygen consumption. Enzymes involved in the catabolism of proline with high activities were: proline dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, NADP-linked malic enzyme, alanine aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase. Activities of 1-pyrroline-5 carboxylate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and NAD-linked malic enzyme were detectable but lower. The end products of proline catabolism were alanine and glutamate. Unlike the case in Trypanosoma brucei brucei aspartate was not detected. Possible pathways of proline catabolism in procyclic culture forms of T. congolense and of electron transfer are proposed.
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PMID:Catabolism of proline by procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma congolense. 1042 13

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was utilized to study the metabolism of [1-(13)C]glucose in mycelia of the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Sphaerosporella brunnea. The main purpose was to assess the biochemical pathways for the assimilation of glucose and to identify the compounds accumulated during glucose assimilation. The majority of the (13)C label was incorporated into mannitol, while glycogen, trehalose and free amino acids were labeled to a much lesser extent. The high enrichment of the C1/C6 position of mannitol indicated that the polyol was formed via a direct route from absorbed glucose. Randomization of the (13)C label was observed to occur in glucose and trehalose leading to the accumulation of [1,6-(13)C]trehalose and [1,6-(13)C]glucose. This suggests that the majority of the glucose carbon used to form trehalose was cycled through the metabolically active mannitol pool. The proportion of label entering the free amino acids represented 38% of the soluble (13)C after 6 hours of continuous glucose labeling. Therefore, amino acid biosynthesis is an important sink of assimilated carbon. Carbon-13 was incorporated into [3-(13)C]alanine and [2-(13)C]-, [3-(13)C]-, and [4-(13)C]glutamate and glutamine. From the analysis of the intramolecular (13)C enrichment of these amino acids, it is concluded that [3-(13)C]pyruvate, arising from [1-(13)C]glucose catabolism, was used by alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase (or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase). Intramolecular (13)C labeling patterns of glutamate and glutamine were similar and are consistent with the operation of the Krebs cycle. There is strong evidence for (a) randomization of the label on C2 and C3 positions of oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase and fumarase, and (b) the dual biosynthetic and respiratory role of the citrate synthase, aconitase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase reactions. The high flux of carbon through the carboxylation (presumably pyruvate carboxylase) step indicates that CO(2) fixation is an important component of the carbon metabolism in S. brunnea, and it is likely that this anaplerotic role is particularly prevalent during NH(4) (+) assimilation. The most relevant information resulting from this investigation is (a) the occurrence of the mannitol cycle, (b) a large part of the trehalose pool is synthesized after the cycling of glucose-carbon through the mannitol cycle, and (c) pyruvate (or phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylation plays an important role in the primary metabolism of glucose-fed mycelia.
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PMID:Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Ectomycorrhizal Ascomycete Sphaerosporella brunnea during Glucose Utilization : A C NMR Study. 1666 12

1. Electron microscopic studies of the sieve tube sap obtained from the secondary phloem of Robinia pseudoacacia by the method of Hartig (1860) showed the presence of well developed mitochondria in addition to membrane fragments. 2. In this sieve tube sap the following enzymes could be detected qualitatively: UTP-glucose-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase, UDPG-fructose glucosyl transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase (for glucose and fructose), phosphohexose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, and UDPG-pyrophosphatase. 3. The following enzymes were determined quantitatively: phosphorylase, amylase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, NAD(+)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, and anorganic pyrophosphatase. 4. The following enzymes could not be detected: UDGP dehydrogenase, UDPG-fructose-6-phosphate-glucosyltransferase, invertase, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. 5. The enzyme pattern in the sieve tube saps of Tilia platyphyllos, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus americana, Quercus borealis maxima, and Salix viminalis is qualitatively similar to that of Robinia, but shows quantitative differences (as far as analyzed). 6. The meaning of the results for the metabolism and function of the sieve tubes in situ is discussed.
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PMID:[Enzyme activities in the sieve tube sap of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and of other tree species]. 2449 58