Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 1.75 kb cDNA containing the entire coding sequence of the hypoxically inducible alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) from barley roots was isolated and sequenced. This clone has an open reading frame of 1446 bp, and a deduced amino acid sequence of 482 residues, giving an estimated protein molecular mass of 52,885 Da. RNA blot analysis of barley root tissue showed a 4-fold increase of a single AlaAT-2 mRNA band after 12-24 hours of hypoxic stress, followed by a decrease in message levels after 48 h of hypoxic conditions. AlaAT-2 protein concentration increased in a similar pattern to AlaAT activity in root tissue, to almost 6-fold the aerobic level after 96 h of hypoxic stress. AlaAT-2 activity increased more than 2-fold in roots of Panicum miliaceum exposed to hypoxia, and is the same isoform as the light inducible AlaAT in P. miliaceum leaves. The unique expression patterns of AlaAT-2 in root and leaf tissue upon exposure to different environmental stimuli is also discussed.
Plant Mol Biol 1994 Feb
PMID:Hypoxically inducible barley alanine aminotransferase: cDNA cloning and expression analysis. 812 85

The ability of concurrent intraperitoneal injections of endotoxin (0.1 micrograms/kg) and galactosamine (700 mg/kg) to produce liver damage was determined in fasted C57Bl/6 mice of different ages: 2 months (young), 6 months (mature), and 24 months (aged). Liver damage was assessed after 6 hr by measurement of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity (ALAT, mumole/liter/min) and by histological examination for mature and aged mice. Control mice, those treated with saline, galactosamine, endotoxin, or hydrazine alone, had ALAT activities which ranged from 13 to 72 (n = 21). Plasma ALAT activities were increased to hepatotoxic values in some, but not all, mice injected with both endotoxin and galactosamine. For young mice, 7/11 had increased plasma ALAT activities; for mature mice, 5/8 had increased plasma ALAT activities and substantial centrilobular necrosis, whereas for aged mice, 0/7 had increased ALAT activities and none had centrilobular necrosis. Basophilic staining of the cytoplasm was increased by administration of endotoxin and/or galactosamine in both mature and aged mice whether or not necrosis was present. A 5-hr pretreatment with hydrazine sulfate (80 mg/kg) substantially decreased the ALAT release caused by endotoxin and galactosamine in mature mice. Hydrazine pretreatment prevented centrilobular necrosis in mature mice and decreased basophilic cytoplasmic staining in aged mice. The results demonstrate that aged mice are resistant to the hepatotoxic effects of endotoxin and galactosamine which were observed in both young mice and mature mice. Also, hydrazine sulfate pretreatment will protect against the hepatotoxic effects as well as the lethal actions of endotoxin and galactosamine.
Exp Mol Pathol 1993 Aug
PMID:Aged mice are resistant to the hepatotoxic effects of endotoxin and galactosamine. 826 63

The gene for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was identified by positional cloning and found to contain two alternatively spliced exons. The first described alternatively spliced exon (exon 23a) is located within the GAP-related domain of the gene and inserts an additional 63 nucleotides into the NF1 mRNA. The second alternatively spliced exon (exon 48a) is located near the extreme carboxy terminus of the gene and inserts an additional 54 nucleotides into the mRNA. This second isoform, termed 3'ALT, was originally detected while screening a fetal brain cDNA library. Examination of its expression by reverse-transcribed RNA PCR demonstrates high level of expression in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. Trace levels of expression are detected in brain and nerve. The 3'ALT isoform is expressed in fetal cardiac muscle, adult left ventricle and cardiac Purkinje cells. Further confirmation of the existence of this isoform was obtained by blotting the PCR products with a radiolabeled oligonucleotide entirely derived from sequences contained within exon 48a and by direct sequencing of the PCR products. Additionally, this isoform is expressed in muscle tissues from other vertebrate species. The expression of this isoform in muscle suggests that the NF1 gene may play additional tissue-specific roles in muscle development and signal transduction.
Hum Mol Genet 1993 Jul
PMID:An alternatively-spliced mRNA in the carboxy terminus of the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene is expressed in muscle. 836 82

In rats splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries for 1 hr., followed by a period of reperfusion initiates a severe form of circulatory shock, which typically leads to death within 2 hrs, characterized by multiorgan failure in which neutrophils play a central role. Doxycycline (Dc) pretreatment (10mg/kg; 2 hrs. prior to occlusion) significantly increased the survival time and leukocytes retention in circulation and decreased the hemoglobin levels in the contents of the small intestine. Dc did not influence serum alanine aminotransferase or amylase levels (marker enzymes for liver and pancreas damages respectively) at the time of death. Creatinine phosphate kinase, a marker of cardiotoxicity, was significantly increased in serum from Dc-treated rats. We conclude that pretreatment with Dc has a protective effect in the SAO rat model and this protection cannot be ascribed directly to a specific sparing influence on the liver, pancreas, or heart.
Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1995 Jun
PMID:Protective effects of doxycycline in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion. 856 86

Differences in sensitivities of chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei were observed following irradiation of the parasites. A dose of 15 kilorads from a cobalt-60 source killed the erythrocytic stages of the chloroquine-sensitive strain and no parasitemias were observed when mice were injected with these irradiated parasites. In contrast, when the chloroquine-resistant strain was irradiated with the same dose of cobalt-60 and injected into mice, an infection rate of 12.5% was observed, indicating that the latter strain was more resistant to inactivation by irradiation. Following injection of these irradiated strains of P. berghei into mice, significant decreases in mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity, with no significant effect on N-demethylase activity, were observed. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of mice injected with the irradiated parasites fell within the range of the serum enzyme levels in normal laboratory mice.
Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1995 Oct
PMID:Plasmodium berghei: sensitivity of chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains to irradiation and the effect of irradiated malaria parasites on cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. 858 51

Recent studies of isotope exchange across lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (AAT) in hearts call into question whether both reactions are in equilibrium. To compare the oxidative and non-oxidative fates of glycolytic end products, isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with 5 mM [2-13C] glucose and 2.5 mM [3-13C] pyruvate: with (n = 6) and without (n = 7) stimulation of pyruvate oxidation using dichloroacetate (DCA), and during normal perfusion or hypoxia (n = 7/n = 6, +/- DCA). 13C NMR spectroscopy of intact hearts confirmed a steady-state enrichment level in both alanine and lactate. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy of tissue extracts identified the fractions of lactate, alanine and glutamate pools formed from each exogenous substrate. Glycolysis from glucose accounted for 22 +/- 7% of lactate formed and 10 +/- 2% of alanine formed in control hearts, and 16 +/- 2% lactate and 15 +/- 2% alanine in hypoxic hearts (mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, exogenous pyruvate formed 36 +/- 5% of the lactate pool, and 86 +/- 3% of the alanine pool in controls and 47 +/- 3% of lactate and of 67 +/- 3% alanine during hypoxia. [2(-13)C] glucose did not contribute to oxidative energy production via the TCA cycle as determined from low 13C enrichment of glutamate C5 from glucose (< 2%), while [3-13C] pyruvate accounted for 84 +/- 7% of labeled glutamate C4. Thus, exogenous pyruvate out-competed the metabolism of glucose, indicating low glycolytic activity. At 40 min, 96 +/- 2% of the total alanine was labeled from either glucose or pyruvate, confirming equilibrium at AAT. However, only 55 +/- 10% of total lactate was labeled, suggesting that the LDH reaction is not in rapid equilibrium within the myocardium.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996 May
PMID:Chemical versus isotopic equilibrium and the metabolic fate of glycolytic end products in the heart. 876 37

The detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is believed to be the most reliable method to diagnose HCV infections. A pitfall of nested PCR is that it is prone to contamination. Single step reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed, prospectively, on 80 sera from 59 patients with a set of primers that amplified a 273 bp sequence unique to the 5' noncoding (NC) region of the HCV genome. Nested PCR, was performed on all PCR negative specimens with a set of primers that amplified a 255 bp internal to the original primers. Single step RT-PCR was positive on 45 sera from 35 patients following gel electrophoresis and on two additional sera from two patients following Southern blot hybridization. Nested PCR was positive on two more sera following gel electrophoresis of the nested PCR products. These two patients were seropositive and subsequent serum from one patient was positive by single step PCR. Three additional sera were positive following Southern blot analysis of the nested PCR products. Two patients were seropositive and had elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The third patient was seronegative with normal ALT level and was considered a false positive. The remaining seronegative control specimens were PCR negative by both methods. The majority of PCR positive patients (82%) had elevated ALT levels, while the majority of PCR negative seropositive patients had normal ALT levels. We conclude that single step PCR is a sensitive test for the laboratory diagnoses of the majority of the HCV infections.
Mol Cell Probes 1996 Jun
PMID:Evaluation of PCR and nested PCR for laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. 879 70

The effects of insulin and the insulin mimetic agent "vanadate" were studied on the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and arginase in the cytosolic and the mitochondrial fractions of the kidney in control and alloxan induced diabetic rats. An enhancement in the activities of these enzymes were noted in both the fractions of diabetic kidney. Vanadate treatment (0.6 mg/ml in drinking water) of alloxan induced diabetic rats restored the activities of these enzymes almost completely in the cytosolic and partially in the mitochondrial fractions. Vanadate treatment also normalized hyperglycaemia without altering the depressed levels of insulin secretion in diabetic rats. The effect of insulin treatment was found to be the same as that of vanadate in diabetic rats.
Biochem Mol Biol Int 1996 Nov
PMID:Effects of vanadate and insulin on the activities of selected enzymes of amino acid metabolism in alloxan diabetic rat kidney. 895 44

A novel calcium-binding protein regucalcin has been shown to be specifically expressed in the liver of various specifies including human. Regucalcin concentration in the serum of patients with chronic liver injury was estimated by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) with rabbit-anti-regucalcin IgG. Serum samples were obtained from 42 persons who were diagnosed as liver disorder. Serum regucalcin concentration in all patients was in the range of 3.7-69.6 ng/ml, although regucalcin was not entirely seen in the serum of normal subjects (10 persons) without hepatitis. Meanwhile, in 18 patients with liver injury, serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were normal value (less than 40 I.U./I). Serum GOT and GPT activities from 24 patients showed a comparatively higher level (50-234 I.U./I). The present results demonstrate the potential sensitivity of regucalcin as a marker of chronic liver injury.
Mol Cell Biochem 1997 Feb
PMID:Potential sensitivity of hepatic specific protein regucalcin as a marker of chronic liver injury. 905 96

The alteration in calcium-binding protein regucalcin in the liver and serum of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic state or ethanol ingestion was investigated. STZ (6.0 mg/100 g body weight) was subcutaneously administered in rats, and 1 or 3 weeks later they were sacrificed by bleeding. Liver regucalcin mRNA levels were not clearly altered by the diabetic state, as evidenced by Northern blotting using regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb of open reading frame). Based on enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) with rabbit-anti-regucalcin IgG, hepatic regucalcin concentration was decreased about 50% of control levels by STZ treatment. However, serum regucalcin concentration was not significantly altered by STZ treatment. Meanwhile, when rats ingested ethanol (10 and 30%) in the drinking water for 2 weeks, liver regucalcin mRNA levels were clearly increased, although hepatic regucalcin concentration was significantly decreased. Serum regucalcin concentration was not appreciably altered. Serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) activities were significantly increased at 1 or 3 weeks after STZ administration in rats, while their activities were not altered by ethanol ingestion. The present study demonstrates that hepatic regucalcin concentration is decreased independent of mRNA expression in the STZ-diabetes and during ethanol ingestion in rats.
Mol Cell Biochem 1997 Mar
PMID:Hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin concentration is decreased by streptozotocin-diabetic state and ethanol ingestion in rats. 906 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>