Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The irreversible ornithine decarboxylase and extrahepatic arginase inhibitors (+)-S-2-amino-5-iodoacetamidopentanoic acid (2-AIPA) and (+)-S-2-amino-6-iodoacetamidohexanoic acid (2-AIHA) were evaluated. The LD50 tests were made in rats and mice using both compounds. Rats and mice were treated with either 2-AIPA or 2-AIHA i.p. for a period of 180 days. The treated animals showed a decrease of total serum proteins and increased ALT and AST levels. CK was also modified but inversely related to dose. Protection tests were carried out using L5178Y mouse lymphosarcoma. The mean survival time for each treated group was calculated and the percentage T/C was determined. For 2-AIPA it was 170 and for 2-AIHA it was 210 at 15 mg/kg.
 ...
PMID:Antitumor effect and toxicity of two new active-site-directed irreversible ornithine decarboxylase and extrahepatic arginase inhibitors. 148 67

The pulmonary biochemical response, particularly the effects on mixed-function oxidases, was investigated in rats exposed to 40 ppm furfural for 1 h daily, 5 days per week, for periods of 7, 15 and 30 days. This concentration is ca. 22% of the acute LC50 dose. Exposure to furfural increased the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, inhibited the activities of arginase and succinic dehydrogenases and elevated the concentration of lactic acid in the lungs. In the group of mixed-function oxidases, the activities of aminopyrene-N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase (phase I, cytochrome P-450b specific) significantly increased and the activity of Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (phase I, cytochrome P-450c specific) decreased. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (phase II component) also was increased concurrently with a decrease in the concentration of glutathione. The magnitude of biochemical alterations in most cases was related directly to the duration of exposure. Our observations indicate that furfural caused pulmonary irritation, parenchymal injury and the regenerative proliferation of type II pneumocytes. Selective (cellular and/or cytochrome P-450 isozyme specific) enhancement of pulmonary mixed-function oxidases by furfural appears to stimulate its own pulmonary biotransformation, and the excretion of oxidative metabolites was facilitated by their enzymatic conjugation with glutathione.
 ...
PMID:Inhalation toxicity of furfural vapours: an assessment of biochemical response in rat lungs. 178 39

The 3-years efficacy and safety of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor simvastatin (S) (previously called synvinolin or MK-733) has been studied in single and combined therapy with cholestyramine (C) in 48 hypercholesterolaemic patients. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A-I and B, and blood safety tests (haematology, liver function, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatinine, blood glucose and thyroid function) were determined regularly throughout the study. Extensive ophthalmological examinations with particular focus on the lens were done before initiation of therapy and at every 6 months during drug treatment. Maximal reductions of mean plasma total cholesterol concentration (34% with S; 47% with S + C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration (42% with S; 56% with S + C) were achieved after 4 weeks on full-dose therapy. During continued treatment, years 1 through 3, the reduction of mean plasma total cholesterol was 26-29% with S alone, and 31-41% with S + C. Significant reductions of plasma triglycerides (15-27%) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides (10-27%) were achieved in the group treated with S as single therapy. In this group there was also a significant increase (10-14%) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. In liver aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), minor and variable, but usually transient, increases were seen. Repeated ophthalmological examinations did not demonstrate any drug-related side effects. It is concluded that simvastatin is a safe and efficient cholesterol-lowering drug for long-term therapy, both as a single drug and in combination with cholestyramine.
 ...
PMID:Long-term efficacy and safety of simvastatin alone and in combination therapy in treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. 178 13

Heat-stressed pregnant ewes deliver intrauterine growth-retarded lambs. Selected maternal and fetal changes were investigated during acute heat stress in order to elucidate the mechanism for this growth retardation. Uterine blood flow decreased 20 to 30% in pregnant ewes during 1 degree C increases in core temperature. The decreases were accompanied by 60 and 100% increases in serum oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, respectively. These effects were mimicked by salt loading or injections of antidiuretic hormone or oxytocin, suggesting a role for either or both hormones in regulating uterine blood flow during pregnancy. Chronically heat-stressed pregnant ewes were delivered by Caesarean section. Their fetuses were approximately 20% smaller than thermoneutral controls. Within each pair of heat-stressed twins, one fetus weighted one-third less than its litter mate. No difference in weights were observed within the control twins. The livers and brains of the heat-stressed fetuses were disproportionate in size. The livers from the small heat-stressed twins contained only one-half the protein of the controls and one-fourth the protein of their litter mates. Muscle protein was decreased in the heat-stressed fetuses, and liver and muscle glycogen were elevated as were liver arginase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and muscle creatinine. These results are consistent with the following hypothesis: heat stress stimulates the release of maternal antidiuretic hormone or oxytocin, which reduces uterine blood flow and causes a shift in fetal metabolism from anabolic to catabolic pathways; one fetus of heat-stressed twins is more severely affected than its litter mate.
 ...
PMID:Maternal endocrine and fetal metabolic responses to heat stress. 203 Jan 75

Twenty obese and 20 lean LA/N-cp male rats and 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing either 54 percent sucrose or starch for six weeks. After a 14-16 hour fast, rats were killed. Liver and kidney enzyme activities were determined in the LA/N-cp rats while plasma urea and selected amino acids were determined in all rats. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPASE), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), malic enzyme (ME), glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), arginase (ARGASE), arginine-synthase (ARG-SYN) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) levels were significantly affected by phenotype (obese greater than lean). All the above changes in enzyme levels were exaggerated by sucrose-feeding with the exception of PK, PFK, GOT, GPT, ARGASE and ARG-SYN. Kidney cortex G6PASE, PEPCK and ARGASE activities were higher in the obese rats as compared to the lean littermates. Sucrose feeding resulted in higher cortex G6PASE, FBPASE and PEPCK as compared to starch-fed rats. A phenotype effect was noted with plasma glutamate, urea, leucine, isoleucine and valine (obese greater than lean) and a diet effect was seen with aspartate, phenylalanine, leucine and valine (sucrose greater than starch) concentration. Sprague-Dawley rats had higher plasma urea and lower alanine than lean LA/N-cp males. Metabolic obesity in the LA/N-cp rat appears to involve an elevated capacity for pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogensis, lipogenesis and amino acid catabolism in the liver.
 ...
PMID:Effect of dietary carbohydrate on liver and kidney enzyme activities and plasma amino acids in the LA/N-cp rat. 204 12

Viable toadfish hepatocytes were separated into distinct subpopulations by gradient centrifugation. Although 3-5 density subpopulations were obtained for each fish, only two metabolically and enzymatically different subpopulations could be discerned. In all cases, hepatocytes with the lowest density (less than 1.040 g ml-1) were more oxidative in scope, as judged by the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase); activities of these enzymes (normalised to cell protein) were on average two- to threefold higher than in subpopulations with higher densities. Lower-density hepatocytes also contained higher levels of the urea cycle enzymes arginase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase. The higher-density subpopulations showed no significant differences from each other in enzymatic activities. Compared with lower-density cells, these hepatocytes had higher activities of two cytosolic enzymes, malate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase. There was no distinct distribution pattern for alanine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase. Despite generally lower oxidative enzyme content, higher-density hepatocytes were metabolically more active, with 2.5- to fourfold higher rates of urea synthesis, gluconeogenesis and oxidation of lactate. We conclude that, although the toadfish liver shows distinct enzymatic and metabolic heterogeneity, this heterogeneity is dissimilar to the zonation pattern in the livers of mammals, in that separated toadfish hepatocyte types did not appear to possess exclusive metabolic functions. Notably, all cells were capable of metabolic functions that are strictly localised in mammalian liver. In nitrogen metabolism, glutamine synthetase displays a distribution pattern commensurate with its unique metabolic function in the liver of the ureogenic toadfish. Further, all subpopulations possessed detoxification capabilities as indicated by high levels of glutathione-S-transferase, a 'phase II' conjugation enzyme.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic and enzymatic heterogeneity in the liver of the ureogenic teleost Opsanus beta. 205 Nov 31

The influence of diets containing faba bean or casein as sources of protein were studied in rats at two stages of development. A significant impairment of growth rate, carcass, liver and skeletal muscle were found in young and adult rats fed for a period of 10 days on raw legume. Urinary urea output and the activities of three amino acid degrading enzymes: arginase, alanine aminotransferase and arginine succinate synthetase were all affected by the dietary protein and the stage of development. Urinary creatinine excretion was higher in the adult rats, while serum cholesterol was slightly increased in the young ones. Changes in plasma zinc may be attributed to a reduced zinc bioavailability to rats from the faba bean diet. Other biochemical parameters measured (glucose, triglycerides and plasma proteins) remained unchanged in all the experimental groups. Liver DNA and RNA content (mg/g tissue) decreased with age in both dietary groups, which were accompanied by an increase in tissue size. Furthermore, liver RNA concentration (primarily a measure of protein synthesis capacity) was enhanced in the adult legume fed rats. In this context, it is suggested that other organs (particularly muscle, with lower amino acid requirements for protein synthesis as a consequence of the stunting of growth) could contribute to increase the amino acid supply to liver in the animals fed on the faba bean diet.
 ...
PMID:Induced biochemical and physiological changes in young and adult growing rats fed on a vegetable or animal protein diet. 243 60

The activities of aspartate and alanine transaminase, serine dehydratase, arginase, glutamate dehydrogenase, adenylate deaminase and glutamine synthetase were determined in the stomach and small intestine of developing rats. Despite the common embryonic origin of the intestine and stomach, their enzymes showed quite different activity levels and patterns of development, depending on their roles. Most enzyme activities were low during late intrauterine life and after birth, attaining adult levels with the change of diet at weaning. No arginase activity was found in the stomach and no changes were detected in adenylate deaminase in the stomach or intestine throughout the period studied. Alanine transaminase, serine dehydratase and, to some extent, glutamine synthetase levels, significantly higher in late intrauterine life, decreased after birth, suggesting that the foetal stomach has a transient ability to handle amino acids.
 ...
PMID:Activities of amino acid metabolizing enzymes in the stomach and small intestine of developing rats. 286 86

The perfusion in situ of the rat liver reveals appearance of enzymes of different subcellular localization, potassium ions and lipid components in the perfusate. Ethanol introduction at different doses induces the most expressed changes in the activity of catalase, lactate dehydrogenase, arginase and alanine aminotransferase and in the potassium removal from hepatocytes. A degree of the evoked changes depends on the dose.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of different doses of ethanol on the release of enzymes and lipids from the perfused rat liver]. 403

Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, arginase, serine dehydratase, tyrosine transaminase, glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and adenylate deaminase activities were measured in crude homogenates of 12, 19 and 21-day rat placentae. There is a considerable quantitative importance in enzymes able to produce free ammonia, such as adenylate deaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, activity that progressively decrease with the age of placenta. The glutamine synthetase and tyrosine transaminase activities increase with age, while serine dehydratase decreases considerably and aspartate and alanine transaminase do not change practically. Arginase shows a maximum at 19, with lower 12 and 21-day activities. No measurable glutaminase activity has been found. The possible implications of the enzymes studied upon the ammonia-producing activity of rat placenta are discussed together with the relative decreasing role of placenta for the overall metabolic activity of the foetus, especially during the last phases of its development.
 ...
PMID:Activities of enzymes involved in amino-acid metabolism in developing rat placenta. 610 12


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>