Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Classic copper indicators are not sensitive and specific for detecting excess copper exposure when this is higher than customary but not markedly elevated. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin (Cp) are the most commonly used indicators to assess nutritional status of copper. The objective of this paper was to study the influence of estrogens on these indicators and others used to assess early effects of excess copper exposure in humans and the expression of a set of copper related proteins in a hepatic cellular model. For the studies in humans, 107 healthy participants (18-50 years) were allocated as follows: group 1 (n = 39), women assessed on day 7 of their hormonal cycle; group 2 (n = 34), women assessed on day 21 of their hormonal cycle, and group 3 (n = 34, comparison group), healthy men. Participants received 8 mg Cu/day (as copper sulfate) during 6 months. Serum Cp and Cu, Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase activity, liver function indicators [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)], and serum Fe and Zn concentrations were measured monthly. In addition, the influence of estradiol on intracellular total copper content, hctr1, dmt1 and shbg mRNA abundance and hCTR1, and DMT1 expression was measured in HepG2 cells. Serum Cu, Fe, and Zn and liver aminotransferases but not Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase varied depending on sex. Fe nutrition indicators, GGT, and ALT activities showed significant differences between the hormonal phases. Cellular experiments showed that estradiol increased cellular Cu concentration and hCTR1 and DMT1 mRNA expression and changed these proteins expression patterns. Estradiols significantly influence the responses to copper at the whole body and the cellular levels, suggesting that they help maintaining copper availability for metabolic needs.
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PMID:Influence of estrogens on copper indicators: in vivo and in vitro studies. 1968 12

Troxerutin, a trihydroxyethylated derivative of rutin, has been well-demonstrated to exert hepatoprotective properties. In the present study, we attempted to explore whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms were involved in troxerutin-mediated protection from D-gal-induced liver injury. The effects of troxerutin on liver lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and the expression of inflammatory mediator were investigated in D-gal-treated mice. The results showed that troxerutin largely attenuated the D-gal-induced TBARS content increase and also markedly renewed the activities of Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT, and GPx in the livers of D-gal-treated mice. Furthermore, troxerutin inhibited the upregulation of the expression of NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by D-gal. D-Gal-induced tissue architecture changes and serum ALT and AST increases were effectively suppressed by troxerutin. In conclusion, these results suggested that troxerutin could protect the mouse liver from D-gal-induced injury by attenuating lipid peroxidation, renewing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and suppressing inflammatory response. This study provided novel insights into the mechanisms of troxerutin in the protection of the liver.
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PMID:Troxerutin protects the mouse liver against oxidative stress-mediated injury induced by D-galactose. 1972 5

The aerial parts of Artemisia campestris are often used in Tunisian poisoning cases and are known to possess significant antioxidant activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of an aqueous extract (5g/l) of A. campestris leaves and stems (AE), on oxidative damages induced by liver extract (LT) from poisonous fish Lagocephalus lagocephalus in Wistar rats. AE was found to contain large amounts of K(+), Na(+), Ca(++) and significant antioxidant capacities highlighted by high level of polyphenols and scavenging activities for DPPH and superoxide anion. LT-injected rats (1ml/100g body wt) for 10 days showed (1) a reduced appetite and diarrhea resulting in a lower growth rate than controls, (2) a decrease in serum ALT and AST activities suggesting liver functional disorders, (3) an increase of serum urea and creatinine and reduced serum sodium and potassium concentrations highlighting renal insufficiency and (4) an oxidative stress as evidenced by the raise of TBARS and the inhibition of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities in liver, kidney and brain tissues Absorption of AE as a drink, for 20 days (10 pre-treatment days+10 experiment days) did not lead significant change of studied parameters but prevented all the disorders induced by LT.
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PMID:Protective effects of aqueous extract of Artemisia campestris against puffer fish Lagocephalus lagocephalus extract-induced oxidative damage in rats. 1976 60

Changes in water temperature and salinity are responsible for a variety of physiological stress responses in aquatic organisms. Stress induced by these factors was recently associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which caused oxidative damage. In the present study, we investigated the time-related effects of changes in water temperature and salinity on mRNA expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the gills and digestive glands of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. To investigate physiological responses, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), lysozyme activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) were measured in the hemolymph. Water temperature and salinity changes significantly increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity in the digestive glands and gills in a time-dependent manner. H(2)O(2) concentrations increased significantly in the high-temperature and hyposalinity treatments. LPO, AspAT and AlaAT levels also increased significantly in a time-dependent manner, while lysozyme activity decreased. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes play important roles in reducing oxidative stress in ark shells exposed to changes in water temperature and salinity.
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PMID:Activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological responses in ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii, exposed to thermal and osmotic stress: effects on hemolymph and biochemical parameters. 1978 26

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of some local medicinal plants against liver and kidney toxicity induced by cadmium chloride. Methanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica and Retama raetam were used in this study. Furthermore, histopathological and histochemical investigations were done. Cadmium chloride caused a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine, cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and HDL levels Administration of Acacia nilotica and Retama raetma significantly inhibit that increase. Cadmium chloride induced a significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, globulin levels, albumin/globulin ratio, blood SOD, and GPx, while Acacia nilotica and Retama raetam increase. Cadmium chloride caused a significant increase in MDA and NO, while a significant decrease in MDA and NO after Acacia nilotica and Retama raetam administration. These results suggested a beneficial effect of these plant extracts against experimentally-induced hepato- and nephro-toxicity of cadmium, and the possible mechanism of the protective effects may be partly due to the antioxidant activity of these plants.
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PMID:Role of some Egyptian medicinal plants against liver and kidney toxicity induced by cadmium chloride. 1981 61

Ethanol consumption disturbs the balance between the pro- and anti-oxidant systems of the organism, leading to oxidative stress. Electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) is widely used by people in East Asia for drinking purposes because of its therapeutic properties including scavenging effect of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to investigate the effect of ERW on acute ethanol-induced hangovers in Sprague-Dawley rats. Alcohol concentration in serum of ERW-treated rats showed significant difference at 1 h, 3 h and 5 h respectively as compared with the rats treated with distilled water. Both alcohol dehydrogenase type 1 and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase related with oxidation of alcohol were significantly increased in liver tissue while the level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum was markedly decreased 24 h after pre-oral administration of ERW. Moreover, oral administration of ERW significantly activated non-ezymatic (glutathione) and enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase) antioxidants in liver tissues compared with the control group. These results suggest that drinking ERW has an effect of alcohol detoxification by antioxidant mechanism and has potentiality for relief of ethanol-induced hangover symptoms.
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PMID:Electrolyzed-reduced water inhibits acute ethanol-induced hangovers in Sprague-Dawley rats. 1988 22

Lead poisoning is a worldwide health problem, and its treatment is under investigation. The aim of this study was to access the efficacy of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) in reducing lead-induced changes in mice testis. Animal exposed to lead nitrate showed significant decrease in testicular SOD, CAT, GSH, total protein, and tissue lead level. This was accompanied by simultaneous increase in the activities of LPO, AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, and cholesterol level. Serum testosterone level and sperm density were suppressed in lead-treated group compared with the control. These influences of lead were prevented by concurrent daily administration of C. sativum extracts to some extent. Treating albino mice with lead-induced various histological changes in the testis and treatment with coriander led to an improvement in the histological testis picture. The results thus led us to conclude that administration of C. sativum significantly protects against lead-induced oxidative stress. Further work need to be done to isolate and purify the active principle involved in the antioxidant activity of this plant.
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PMID:Prophylactic efficacy of Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) on testis of lead-exposed mice. 1990 60

We have previously shown a more potent impact of knockout of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) than that of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) on murine hepatotoxicity induced by an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a high dose of acetaminophen (APAP, 600 mg/kg). The objective of this experiment was to compare the temporal impacts of knockouts of GPX1 and SOD1 alone or together on mouse susceptibility to an injection of a low dose of APAP (300 mg/kg). The APAP-mediated rises in plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and nitrate/nitrite concentrations, hepatic GSH depletion, and hepatic protein nitration at 5 and (or) 24 h were nearly abolished (P < 0.05) in SOD1-/- or GPX1 and SOD1 double-knockout (DKO) mice, while GPX1-/- mice exerted only moderate or no change compared with the WT. Despite an increased (P < 0.05) APAP-N-acetylcysteine and decreased APAP-glucuronide (P < 0.05) relative to the total APAP metabolites in urine collected for 24 h after the APAP injection, the SOD1-/- mice displayed no shift in urinary APAP-cysteine compared with the WT mice. Knockout of SOD1 prevented the APAP-induced hepatic GPX inactivation (P < 0.05), whereas knockout of GPX1 aggravated the APAP-induced hepatic SOD activity loss (P < 0.05). However, the APAP-mediated activity changes of these enzymes in liver accompanied no protein alterations. In conclusion, knockout of GPX1 or SOD1 exerted differential impact on mouse susceptibility to this low dose of APAP, but neither shifted urinary APAP-cysteine formation.
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PMID:Comparative impacts of knockouts of two antioxidant enzymes on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. 1993 68

Ascorbic acid is a sugar acid and an essential vital food nutrient found mainly in fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid against arsenic induced oxidative stress in blood of rat. In rat, treatment with ascorbic acid prevented the increased serum enzymatic activity of AST, ALT, ALP, ACP and LDH. In addition, treatment with ascorbic acid prevented elevated production of LPO, PC and NO and restored the depletion of reduced SOD and CAT activities. Interestingly, ascorbic acid markedly upregulated lymphocytes relative mRNA expression of lymphocytes SOD2 gene corresponding to GAPDH, house keeping candidate gene in arsenic-treated rat, which might provide anti-oxidative activity in the blood.
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PMID:Effect of ascorbic acid on blood oxidative stress in experimental chronic arsenicosis in rodents. 2012 81

Aflatoxins (AF), a group of closely related, extremely toxic mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can occur as natural contaminants of foods and feeds. Aflatoxins have been shown to be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to different animal species. Zizyphus spina-christi L. extract was investigated for its antifungal and antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Z. spina-christi L. leaves against the oxidative stress of aflatoxin in rats. Fourty male Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups including the control group, the group fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet (3 mg/kg diet) and the groups treated with Zizyphus extract (5 mg/kg b.w) alone or in combination with AF for 15 days. Biochemical analysis revealed that treatment with AF resulted in a significant increase in ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, TNFa, LPO, NO and CEA, whereas it decrease significantly GPX and SOD. The histopathological examination of the liver, kidney and testis showed sever histological changes typical to those reported for aflatoxicosis. Animals treated with Zizyphus extract alone or plus AF showed a significant improvement in all biochemical parameters and histological picture of liver, kidney and testis. It could be concluded that Zizyphus extract have a power protective role against aflatoxicosis.
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PMID:Zizyphus spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin B1-initiated hepatic carcinogenicity. 2016 85


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