Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The antioxidant defense system in liver tissue in experimental hyperthyroidism and/or in iron supplementation was investigated. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH), ferritin (marker of iron status), antioxidant status components (glutathione [GSH], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and serum transaminases (GOT and GPT, both of which are known to be released from damaged hepatocytes), were measured. Hyperthyroidism in rats, induced by L-thyroxine administration, significantly raised SOD activity (p < 0.05), but significantly decreased GSH-Px activity and GSH values (p < 0.001) in the liver. In the L-thyroxine administered and iron supplemented (TI) group, GSH and GSH-Px values of liver tissues were significantly lower than those of control rats (p < 0.05). GSH-Px levels of the TI group were higher (p < 0.001), and SOD levels significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of the L-thyroxine administered group. We conclude that hyperthyroidism induces SOD activity in liver; ferritin levels increase in hyperthyroidism, contributing to the antioxidant defense system; GSH-Px and GSH levels are decreased significantly in hyperthyroidism either due to inactivation due to increased oxidative stress or to insufficient synthesis; iron supple- and GPT analysis); iron decreases the effect of T4. This must be taken into consideration during iron supplementation.
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PMID:Evaluation of antioxidant status in liver tissues: effect of iron supplementation in experimental hyperthyroidism. 1063 95

The liver injury was induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion and the protective effect of erigeron injection (EI) was studied in mice. The results showed that serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased while the root of superior mesenteric artery was blocked with non-injury artery clap for 20 minute and reperfusion for 1 hour. EI could protect the above changes induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. EI could reduce the activities of serum ALT and GST, decrease the content of hepatic MDA and significantly increase the activity of SOD. The pathological changes of hepatocytes induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion were less in EI groups. These results suggested that EI could protect the liver of mice from injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. One of the mechanisms of hepatoprotective action was related to the antioxidative function of erigeron.
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PMID:[Protective effect of erigeron injections on hepatotoxicity induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice]. 1132 58

Serum samples were taken from 57 patients with sporadic non-A, -B, and -C (Non A, B, C) acute hepatitis at different times after onset of the disease and tested for the presence of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA, IgM, and low avidity IgG antibodies. The viral antibodies were detected using two ELISA. One assay (GL) was produced using a mixture of recombinant peptides specified by ORF2 and ORF3 of the viral genome. The other was produced with an ORF2 specified peptide, pE2. The latter occurs naturally as homodimer, it is recognized strongly in its dimeric form by human sera and, in the primate model, it confers protection against experimental HEV infection. Nineteen samples were positive for one or more of these acute markers of HEV infection, 14 of which were acute sera with elevated ALT levels and 5 were convalescent sera with normal ALT level. The results showed that icteric phase of sporadic hepatitis lasts for about 17 days and it coincides with a period when viremia is subsiding as HEV antibodies are developing. Viremia was intermittent and all but one of the 5 instances were confined to the icteric phase with elevated ALT levels. On two of these occasions, viremia preceded detection of HEV antibody, on another 2 occasions it was concurrent with the detection of pE2 specific IgM and/or low avidity IgG and only in one case of protracted viremia was the viral genome detected concurrently with avid pE2 IgG antibody. Ten (71%) of the 14 acute sera were reactive for pE2 IgM, eight (57%) were reactive for low avidity pE2 IgG, and six (43%) for the GL IgM. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E may be increased to 87% by combining pE2 IgM and viremia. GL IgM was detected later, but persisted for a longer period of time than the pE2 antibodies, and it was the only acute antibody detected in the convalescent sera.
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PMID:Occurrence of hepatitis E virus IgM, low avidity IgG serum antibodies, and viremia in sporadic cases of non-A, -B, and -C acute hepatitis. 1174 57

Large and small doses of drugs for improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis were used in model rats to treat mild chronic hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The results show that large dose of Dang Gui ([symbol: see text] Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and Dan Shen ([symbol: see text] Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) (drugs for regulating blood flow) and small dose of Yu Jin ([symbol: see text] Radix Curcumae) and Niu Xi ([symbol: see text] Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) (drugs for activating blood flow) can significantly elevate the activity of SOD (P < 0.05) and/or lower the T/K ratio, markedly reduce the MDA content (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and significantly decrease the activities of ALT and AST (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), demonstrating that these drugs are effective in combating oxygen free radicals (OFR) in chronic liver damage. On the contrary, large dose of Tu Bie Chong ([symbol: see text] Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga) and E Zhu ([symbol: see text] Rhizoma Curcumae) (drugs for removing blood stasis) tend to increase the ALT and AST (P < 0.05) activities. The results suggest that the synergism of elevation of the SOD activity and reduction of T/K ratio contributes to the action of drugs for improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis in combating the liver damage induced by CCl4.
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PMID:An experimental study on drugs for improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis in treating mild chronic hepatic damage. 1178 34

In vitro and in vivo studies were made with an alcohol extract of the seeds of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) to investigate its antioxidant property. In vitro studies were carried out in rat liver homogenate to investigate the chemical interaction of various phytochemicals with different species of free radicals. The effect was also checked on iron-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidation of GSH content, and its interaction with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. There was no change on the rate of aerial oxidation of GSH content but it significantly inhibited FeSO(4) induced lipid peroxidation. It also inhibited the specific chemical reactions induced by superoxides and hydroxyl radicals. The removal of these species was through direct chemical interaction. An in vivo study on albino rats for 30 days showed no toxic effect up to a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight, on oral administration. There was no change in the level of TBA-reactive substances, reduced glutathione content and SOD activity in the liver. The activity of serum GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase was also unchanged. Thus it could be concluded that the alcohol extract of the seeds of M. pruriens has an antilipid peroxidation property, which is mediated through the removal of superoxides and hydroxyl radicals.
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PMID:Effect of the alcohol extract of the seeds of Mucuna pruriens on free radicals and oxidative stress in albino rats. 1223 10

Glycosmis arborea is a plant possessing various medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy of the butanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of the plant. The test sample was prepared by extracting the material through different steps. The extract thus obtained was dissolved in normal saline. Albino rats were prophylactically treated with the extract (i.p.) for 3 weeks. At the end of 3rd week all the groups were injected with hepatotoxic agents. After 48 h of injection, blood was collected and livers were taken out. Different enzymes in the serum were assayed and histopathological study was performed with liver. Glycosmis arborea extract was able to overcome the toxic effects of hepatotoxic agents in terms of lowering the levels of serum GPT, alkaline phosphatase and increased level of SOD in serum. TBARS generation in liver was also altered. Moreover, necrosis of liver produced by carbon tetrachloride was reversed by the extract.
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PMID:Glycosmis arborea extract as a hepatoprotective agent. 1274 4

Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is an acidic cytosolic glycoprotein with molecular weight of about 50 kDa, which contains 32 cysteine residues. It is possibly that RI may have antioxidant effect by thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. We studied the effects of RI over-expression on the rat glial cell line C6 injured with H2O2. The transfected C6 cells with RI cDNA (C6') had higher viability, less LDH leakage and MDA contents, but more GSH contents compare that in the control C6 cells. In transfected C6 cells, the activities of CAT and GST were higher than that in the control C6 cells. Without H202 stress, the activities of CAT and GST in the C6' cells were 1.73 and 3.62 times that in the control C6 cells, respectively; With 1.00 mmol/L H2O2 stress, the activities of CATand GSTin the C6' cells were 3.38 and 2.11 times that in the C6 cells, respectively. These results suggest that the over-expression RI has antioxidant activity and it is able to protect cells from per-oxidative injuries. Moreover, we investigated whether RI has a protective role against mouse hepatic damage in vivo. The mice pretreated with different doses of human RI were injected by CC14. The results show that the SOD activities of therapy groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01), while the contents of MOD and activities of ALT and AST in blood were remarkably lower than that of the control group (p < 0.01). Pathological examination shows that the degree of damage was alleviated with RI therapy. These results suggest that RI has the protective role against mouse hepatic damage induced by CC14. The anti-oxidative effects of RI may play an important role in cell protection from per-oxidative injuries.
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PMID:The antioxidant effects of ribonuclease inhibitor. 1470 97

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces liver damage, apparently through the formation of free-radical metabolites. Molecular chaperones such as heat shock protein (Hsp) of 70 kDa have been found to protect cells from various stresses. We previously found that cytosolic chaperone pairs of the Hsp70 family and their DnaJ homolog cochaperones prevent nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis and heat-induced cell death. Expression of cytosolic chaperones, including Hsp70; heat shock cognate (Hsc) 70; and DnaJ homologs dj1 (DjB1/Hsp40/hdj-1), dj2 (DjA1/HSDJ/hdj-2), dj3 (DjA2), and dj4 (DjA4), in the liver of CCl4-treated rats was analyzed. Messenger ribonucleic acids for all these chaperones were markedly induced 3-12 hours after CCl4 treatment with a maximum at 6 hours. Hsp70 and dj1 proteins were markedly induced at 6-24 hours with a maximum at 12 hours, whereas dj2 and dj4 were moderately induced at around 12 hours. Hsc70 was weakly induced after treatment, and dj3 was little induced. To better understand the significance of the induction of chaperones, the effect of preinduction of chaperones on CCl4-induced liver damage was analyzed. When chaperones were preinduced in the liver by heat treatment, increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity after CCl4 treatment was significantly attenuated. Hsp90, another major cytosolic chaperone, also was induced by heat treatment. On the other hand, Mn- and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase were not induced by heat treatment or by CCl4 treatment. These results suggest that cytosolic chaperones of Hsp70 and DnaJ families or Hsp90 (or both) are induced in CCl4-treated rat liver to protect the hepatocytes from the damage being inflicted.
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PMID:Induction of molecular chaperones in carbon tetrachloride-treated rat liver: implications in protection against liver damage. 1527 78

Great progress has been made in the study of fatty liver with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in aspects of diagnosis, treatment and experimental study, etc. Most researches were designed to utilize diagnostic or model replicating method of western medicine to observe the effects or investigate the action mechanism of compound recipe, single Chinese herb or effective ingredients of Chinese herbs on fatty liver. According to the pathological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), fatty liver is characterized by deficiency in nature and repletion in appearance, which involves three Zang viscera such as liver, spleen and kidney and manifests as spleen Qi deficiency, liver and kidney deficiency, phlegm and dampness heaping internally, and Qi stagnation and blood stasis. This facilitates us to use specific recipe or modified recipe to treat fatty liver from the points of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine and combining syndrome differentiation with disease differentiation. With gratifying achievement, this kind of approach has been the mainstream of the research on fatty liver and many researchers have reached an agreement on this point domestically. Spleen Fortifying and Blood Invigorating Recipe (SFBVER in brief, invented by our institute) can significantly improve the B ultrasound outcome of the liver in patients with fatty liver, with significant difference in B ultrasound scoring between pre-and post-treatment. It can alleviate the patients' symptoms, improve or regain liver function, decrease waist/buttocks ratio and the content of triglyceride and cholesterol in blood. SFBVER is superior to Dongbao Gantai Recipe in general effective rate. Experimental study also reveals that SFBVER can alleviate CCl(4) induced liver cell fatty degeneration and the inflammatory cell infiltration in rats, decrease the activities of ALT and AST, lower the content of triglyceride in liver, recover SOD activity in liver to normal level. The overall efficacy of SFBVER is superior to that of Dongbao Gantai Recipe. Further correlated study should be focused on inventing new preparation of traditional Chinese medicine and investigating its action mechanism with the guiding of the theory of TCM and referring to the latest discovery in fatty liver research in modern medicine.
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PMID:[Studies on treatment of fatty liver with traditional Chinese medicine]. 1533 89

The hepatoprotective effects of the extract of Terminalia catappa L. leaves (TCE) against D-Galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver injury and the mechanisms underlying its protection were studied. In acute hepatic injury test, it was found that serum ALT activity was remarkably increased (3.35-fold) after injection of D-GalN in mice. But with oral pretreatment of TCE (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg/d) for 7days, change in serum ALT was notably reversed. In primary cultured hepatocytes from fetal mice, it was found that cell viability was decreased by 45.0% after addition of D-GalN, while incubation with TCE (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) for 36 hours could prevent the decrease in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, D-GalN-induced both the increase of AST level (1.9-fold) and the decrease of SOD activity (48.0%) in supernatant of primary cultured hepatocytes could also be inhibited by pretreatment with TCE. In order to study the possible mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective effects, one effective component separated from TCE, 2alpha, 3beta, 23-trihydroxyursane-12-en-28-oic acid (DHUA), was used to determine anti-mitochondrial swelling activity and superoxide radicals scavenging activity in vitro. It was found that at the concentration range of 50-500 micromol/L DHUA, Ca2+ -induced mitochondrial swelling was dose-dependently inhibited, and superoxide radicals scavenging activity was also shown in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that TCE has hepatoprotective activity and the mechanisms underlying its protective effects may be related to the direct mitochondrion protection and strong scavenging activity on reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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PMID:Mechanisms of hepatoprotection of Terminalia catappa L. extract on D-Galactosamine-induced liver damage. 1548 41


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