Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma, serum, and a concentrate of factor VIII, implicated in human cases of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis, were inoculated into four chimpanzees. All four animals demonstrated significant elevations of alanine aminotransferase levels within five weeks. After recovery from these NANB hepatitis episodes, the chimpanzees were cross-challenged with different inocula. A second episode of NANB hepatitis occurred after challenge in three animals. Reproducibility of the results was established by reversing the sequence of inoculation in two of the animals. A known infectious concentrate of factor VIII failed to induce hepatitis in a previously infected chimpanzee although the animal remained susceptible to a third inoculum, an event suggesting that the first inoculum might contain the same NANB hepatitis agent as the concentrate of factor VIII, which was supported by results of a subsequent cross-challenge experiment. Reinfection did not occur in two chimpanzees injected with their initial challenge strain of NANB hepatitis virus, providing evidence that strain-specific immunity had been established. Thus, experimental evidence is provided for the presence of two NANB hepatitis agents, supporting clinical and epidemiologic studies that favor the existence of more than one etiologic agent.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted viruses study: experimental evidence for two non-A, non-B, hepatitis agents. 625 37

Two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were inoculated and cross-challenged with a fibrinogen and factor VIII preparation, respectively. Successful non-A, non-B (NANB) infection was documented by biphasic elevations of aminotransferases (ALT), concomitant hepatitic reactions and typical electron microscopic alterations, the most consistent being dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as tubular and sponge-like cytoplasmic inclusions in the absence of nuclear virus-like particles. An anti-nuclear (anti-DNA) antibody of the IgM class in one of the chimpanzees simulating an antiviral antibody is described.
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PMID:Experimental non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees: light, electron and immune microscopical observations. 630 79

Since 1970 we performed 18 operations in hemophilic patients: 7 synovectomies, 2 elongations of the achilles-tendon, 1 hip arthrodesis, 2 endoprosthetic replacements of the hip, 2 intertrochanteric flexion- and varus-osteotomies, 1 excision of a pseudo-tumor and 2 removals of hematomas of the knee joint. The synovectomies were done only in joints affected by frequent hemorrhages. The bleeding frequency could be reduced considerably and the range of motion could be improved. The indication for several other orthopaedic procedures depended on the orthopaedic symptoms. The results were satisfactory without major complications during the healing period. During surgery and the following postoperative care the antihemophilic factor was substituted up to levels between 60 and 120%. The factor VIII or IX was controlled daily and Hb, GOT, GPT and the Australia antigen-antibody on a weekly base. The length of the substitution regimen was dependent on the individual wound healing and the postoperative treatment.
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PMID:Orthopaedic surgery in hemophilic patients. 640 22

A prospective study of post-transfusion hepatitis was conducted in 97 adult patients undergoing open heart surgery. Twelve patients developed presumed non-A, non-B hepatitis (five of these were hospitalized and three were jaundiced), and all 12 had received clotting factors from pooled plasma (fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor IX complex) from different manufacturers. Of the remaining 85 patients none received these high risk plasma derivatives and none developed hepatitis. Multiple peak ALT elevation seems to be an indication of development of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. In addition to the 12 cases of presumed non-A, non-B hepatitis, nine cases of serological changes related to hepatitis B virus were observed as follows: six early booster reactions of anti-HBs, but not anti-HBc, in anti-HBs and anti-HBc positive persons; one late immunization-like response for anti-HBs and two serological hepatitis B infections without transaminase elevation. Five of the nine cases were also associated with the administration of pooled clotting factors.
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PMID:Post-transfusion hepatitis and its association with pooled clotting factors. 640 30

Non-A, non-B (NANB) viral hepatitis was successfully transmitted to two colony-born Tamarins following inoculation with antihaemophilic factor VIII concentrate or the "H" inoculum. Both animals showed histological and ultrastructural evidence of viral hepatitis, with raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels from the second week after inoculation through to the end of follow-up, 5 months later.
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PMID:Experimental infection of Tamarins with human non-A, non-B hepatitis virus. 640 25

Three chimpanzees were inoculated with an infectious factor VIII preparation. Two of the chimpanzees received in addition a human immunoglobulin preparation as used for prophylaxis in humans. All three chimpanzees developed an acute limited non-A, non-B hepatitis as judged from light and electron microscopic markers after an incubation period of two weeks. The use of immunoglobulin did not prevent the infection. A prolonged incubation of 15 weeks, however, was observed in one animal when alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation was used as criterion of infection. In the electron microscope, non-A, non-B hepatitis was characterized by tubular structures, spongelike inclusions and attaching curved membranes, in the absence of nuclear viruslike particles. An additional finding were viruslike particles in crystalline arrays which were found in the cytoplasm of sinusoidal-lining endothelial cells and tubuloreticular complexes.
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PMID:Ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes and sinus endothelia in experimental non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees with and without immunoglobulin prophylaxis. 641 39

To assess the relationship of liver dysfunction and hepatitis markers in hemophilic patients treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates, we studied 103 patients with hemophilia A and B for 6-36 mo. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase was noted in 79% of the patients, with 51% of the patients showing persistent elevation for longer than 6 mo. Thirteen patients (12%) were HBsAg-positive, with 8 patients showing persistence of HBsAg and abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase for more than 6 mo. Overall, anti-HBs was detected in 77% of patients. Twelve episodes of acute hepatitis were documented in 10 patients during 36 mo. Six episodes were due to hepatitis B virus. The remaining 6 episodes were due to non-A, non-B hepatitis with negative HBsAg and absence of seroconversion to hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In the six episodes of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the incubation period was less than 10 days in 3 patients and 30 days in 2 patients. In all cases with non-A, non-B hepatitis, the illness was symptomatic, but mild. Serum alanine aminotransferase returned to normal within 4 mo in 2 patients, but in 3 patients serum alanine aminotransferase persisted longer than 6 mo. One patient developed an acute B hepatitis 40 wk after non-A, non-B hepatitis. Thus, infection with the hepatitis B virus still remains prevalent as a cause of acute hepatitis in hemophiliacs receiving commercial factor concentrates, and accounts for chronic liver dysfunction in patients with persistent HBs antigenemia. In addition, acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, appears to be relatively common in hemophiliacs, and non-A, non-B virus may account for many cases of persistent liver dysfunction in these patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of type B and non-A, non-B hepatitis in hemophilia: relationship to chronic liver disease. 677 32

Clinical and laboratory data, including polymorphic marker traits for linkage analysis, were collected from two large multigenerational families segregating for von Willebrand disease. A new approach to the identification of gene carriers in these families, combining pedigree segregation analysis with multivariate discriminant analysis, is applied. Whereas individually the clinical symptoms and the factor VIII related activities could not distinguish between hypotheses, it was possible to find a discriminant function-showing consistency of the data with a dominant gene hypothesis, but not with a recessive gene or an environmental hypothesis. This function is estimated to lead to 3.2% and 5.5% minimum misclassification of the genotypes, respectively, in the two families. The discriminant function could be used for other families, but is should be calibrated for the specific population in which it is used. Among the markers investigated, GPT is the most likely to be linked to von Willbrand's disease, with a maximum lod score of about unity at 15% recombination.
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PMID:Genetic analysis of von Willebrand's disease in two large pedigrees: a multivariate approach. 678 78

Non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis was transmitted to six chimpanzees by intravenous inoculation of antihemophilic (factor VIII) materials, acute-phase chimpanzee liver, and chronic-phase plasma obtained from two NANB hepatitis-infected chimpanzees 10 and 16 months, respectively, after their inoculation. Five of six experimentally infected chimpanzees observed for more than one year demonstrated persistent or intermittent elevations in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicative of continuing liver dysfunction. Liver biopsy specimens obtained from three chimpanzees with persistent elevations in levels of ALT were positive for hepatocyte cytoplasmic structures associated with NANB hepatitis for as long as 27 months after inoculation. Liver biopsy specimens obtained from four infected animals 13-30 months after inoculation also showed mild but persistent histopathologic lesions of undefined character. The detection of circulating immune complexes in one chimpanzee with persistent elevations in levels of ALT suggests that these complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of NANB hepatitis.
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PMID:Persistent non-A, non-B hepatitis in experimentally infected chimpanzees. 678 8

Thirty-eight children with severe hemophilia A, 11 years of age and under, were evaluated by initial and follow-up liver function tests (LFTs) in relation to age of onset of transfusion therapy. Each child had at least two complete evaluations within one year for a follow-up period of at least one year. The mean number of exposure days was 36 with a mean of 275 units of factor VIII per exposure day prior to initial LFTs. At initial testing, 30% of patients demonstrated antibody to HBsAg and 39--51% at least one abnormal serum enzyme level (AST, ALT, LDH). During an average follow-up period of 34.8 months, two children developed HBsAg-positive icteric hepatitis. Of those initially serologically negative for HBsAg or antibody, 44% became antibody-positive. Intermittent abnormalities of at least one serum enzyme were observed in 79% of the patient group, with 13% and 8% being persistently normal and abnormal. Eleven children born after January 1976, receiving only third-generation RIA-tested products for HBsAg, constituted a subgroup. Although only one child at first assessment had evidence of hepatitis B virus exposure, 55% had elevated ALTs, indicating considerable frequency of non-A, non-B hepatitis in this very young group.
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PMID:Hepatocellular enzyme patterns and hepatitis B virus exposure in multitransfused young and very young hemophilia patients. 679 95


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