Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anaesthesia was induced in 24 horses with xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane (12 cases) or enflurane (12 cases) in oxygen. Pulse rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas values, respiratory rate and tidal volume were measured at regular intervals during anaesthesia. Serial venous blood samples were taken for assay of glucose, urea, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase. Operating conditions and the horses' behaviour in the recovery period were also recorded. In the case of the group of horses receiving enflurane, difficulty was experienced maintaining anaesthesia deep enough for surgery. This group also displayed greater respiratory depression. There were no significant differences between arterial blood pressure values, or any of the haematological or biochemical parameters recorded in each group. Recovery from anaesthesia was significantly faster in horses receiving enflurane but less smooth. It was concluded that, although enflurane appeared to be safe in the horse, the respiratory depression and the unpleasant recovery did not make it a desirable alternative to halothane.
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PMID:Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: comparison of enflurane and halothane. 397 74

Porcine calcitonin given to guinea pigs in doses causing hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia decreased the bilirubin concentration and increased the activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) in the hepatic bile. Calcitonin had no effect on bile flow, its pH, electrolyte composition including calcium, or on the concentration of protein, glucose, cholesterol, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), and bile acids. It also did not affect the activities of alanine aminotransferase (AIAT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the hepatic bile. Calcitonin increased the calcium content in the liver.
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PMID:Effect of calcitonin on the formation, composition, and enzymatic activity of the hepatic bile in guinea pgs. 415 82

Reference (normal) ranges for alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, chloride, cholesterol, total carbon dioxide, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate and aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and triglycerides were established for cattle, sheep, pigs, ponies and ducks by use of the ABA-100 and A-Gent reagents (Abbott Laboratories). Most of the results agreed with those in the literature where methods were similar. Results were divided according to age for all species except ducks. Differences were noted between age groups with certain tests. The day-to-day reproducibility of control sera results are also presented.
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PMID:Clinical chemistry reference values of normal domestic animals in various age groups--as determined on the ABA-100. 714 Mar 2

The numerous physiological and nutritional factors which influence the concentration of serum calcium are considered. The causes of hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia are briefly discussed, with particular reference to the clinical symptoms and pathology. The effect of the acid-base status on the serum-ionized calcium level is stressed. The causes of changes in the serum concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium are briefly reviewed, along with the abnormalities of lactate, pyruvate, and hydrogen ion concentrations. The kidney function tests, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and the renal clearance tests are discussed, with emphasis placed on correlating their results with the findings from repeated urinalyses. The important physiologic influences and pathological processes which result in changes in the concentrations of these parameters are delineated. The causes of increases in the serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, asparate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, creatinine phosphokinase, amylase and lipase are discussed. The changes in serum bilirubin concentration and its components are fully described, with emphasis placed on the correlation of the findings with urinalysis data and the complexities resulting from the numerous pathologic conditions causing jaundice. These conditions are listed for each of the domestic animals. The other liver function tests, bromosulphthalein dye retention or excretion, serum uric acid and blood ammonia concentration are briefly considered. All the tests described are very useful, and frequently essential, in aiding the veterinary practitioner to arrive at a diagnosis and prognosis, but they never replace clinical acumen.
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PMID:Correlation of changes in blood chemistry with pathological changes in the animal's body: II Electrolytes, kidney function tests, serum enzymes, and liver function tests. 727 79

Antimitochondrial antibodies are of considerable importance for the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Several subtypes of antimitochondrial antibodies have been identified and the pattern has been associated with prognosis of the disease in the long term course. 22 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (19 female, 3 male; age 29-66, mean 49 years) were examined for the occurrence of the subtypes of antimitochondrial antibodies anti M2, anti M4 and anti M9. Diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis was based on elevated cholestatic enzymes, antimitochondrial antibodies, histology and exclusion of other chronic liver disease in all patients and elevated serum IgM concentration in 18/22 patients. Most patients were included in a study protocol of the Swiss Association for the Study of the Liver and treated with 10 mg/kg/day oral ursodeoxycholic acid. According to the subtype pattern of antimitochondrial antibodies, patients were divided into 4 groups A to D (A: anti M2-, anti M4-, anti M9+; B: anti M2+, anti M4-, anti M9+; C: anti M2+, anti M4-, anti M9- and D: anti M2+, anti M4+, anti M9-). The groups were compared with respect to the prognostically relevant parameters age, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time and peripheral edema, as well as the occurrence of granulomas in liver biopsy, galactose elimination capacity and response to treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid during one year. Treatment response was expressed as decrease of the serum concentration of IgM, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and bilirubin. No significant differences between the four groups were found with respect to the prognostically relevant parameters, histology and galactose elimination capacity at study entry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Significance of subtype pattern of antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis for prognostic parameters and response to ursodeoxycholic acid]. 774 Feb 90

A reduction in serum enzymes has been already observed by administering ursodeoxycholic acid to patients with chronic active hepatitis. The aim of this study was to assess whether the liver histological activity of inflammation was modified by a 12-month treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. Thirty-six patients with chronic active hepatitis, fulfilling the inclusion criteria, were admitted to the trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive double blind either 600 mg/day of ursodeoxycholic acid (Group A: 18 patients) or placebo (Group B: 18 patients). Clinical and biochemical follow-up was performed at acid (Group A: 18 patients) or placebo (Group B: 18 patients). Clinical and biochemical follow-up was performed at 3-month intervals. A percutaneous liver biopsy was performed before and after 1 year of treatment. Histological hepatitis activity was assessed using Knodell's numerical scoring system, while biliary damage was evaluated by an appropriate scoring system. Sixteen and 12 patients in Groups A and B, respectively, completed the clinical and biochemical follow-up. Although a reduction in serum enzymes was found in both groups, multifactorial covariance analysis showed that the reductions in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher in Group A than in Group B. Biochemical remission was not observed in either group. Histological analysis showed a dichotomy between the results from the hepatitis and the biliary components of the disease process. No differences were found in the two groups before or after treatment in histological activity index, which measures the "hepatitic" component. Nor were there any significant differences in baseline values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on serum enzymes and liver histology in patients with chronic active hepatitis. A 12-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 791 49

To evaluate the clinical applications of serum thymidine kinase (TK) activity, we compared the results obtained with this parameter with those of other liver function tests in 27 patients with acute viral hepatitis and 16 normal controls. In those in the acute stage, the serum TK activity increased significantly to 55.5 +/- 66.5 U/L. There was no significant correlation between serum TK activity and findings for serum albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase or r-glutamyl transpeptidase. However, it did correlate significantly well with the serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (r = 0.621, P < 0.01), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = 0.551, P < 0.01), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (r = 0.620, P < 0.01). Serum TK activity reached higher than 70 U/L in 8 of 11 patients with hepatitis A; however, no patients with the other types of hepatitis reached such a high level. During the recovery stage, the serum TK activity decreased significantly to 5.9 +/- 1.7 U/L (P < 0.01), and did not correlate with AST, ALT, LDH or other conventional liver function parameters. The data suggest that an elevation of serum TK in patients with acute viral hepatitis results from hepatocellular damage. A marked elevation of serum TK activity may thus provide a marker for acute hepatitis A infection.
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PMID:Elevated serum thymidine kinase activity in patients with acute viral hepatitis. 844 Apr 24

Chronic hepatitis C is a common cause of viral liver disease in kidney transplant recipients. To assess the efficacy and the safety of therapy with interferon alpha (IFN alpha) in such a population we conducted a prospective study where 16 kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C received recombinant IFN alpha 3 million units three times weekly scheduled for 24 consecutive weeks. All the patients had stable renal function for at least 1 year (mean serum creatinine 125.4 +/- 41 mumol/l). Fifteen patients had a positive HCV viraemia at the beginning of the study. In 15 patients serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decreased rapidly and normalized (48 +/- 44 vs 98.5 +/- 46 IU/l; P = 0.0044). ALT remained in the normal range as long as IFN alpha was continued. Serum levels of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase decreased from 129.75 +/- 111.2 to 88 +/- 85 IU/l; P = 0.012). After discontinuation of IFN alpha therapy seven responders relapsed within 1-9 weeks. HCV viraemia assessed 1 month after the end of IFN alpha therapy remained positive in all the patients who scored positive at the beginning, i.e. 15. Side effects of IFN alpha (fatigue, anorexia, weight loss) were frequent leading to four patients dropping out of the study. The haematological tolerance was moderate. The major concern was the increase in serum creatinine (162.5 +/- 57.6 vs 125.4 +/- 41 mumol/l; P < 0.05). In fact only six patients experienced renal failure occurring 45-168 days after the beginning of IFN alpha. Kidney transplant biopsies showed oedema, scarce scattered interstitial inflammatory cellular infiltration and moderate mesangial hypertrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preliminary results of treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alpha in renal transplant patients. 852 7

Liver necrosis was produced in rats by administering 3 doses o a mixture o carbon tetrachloide+olive oil, 2 ml/kg, ip. The liver damage was evidenced by the elevated levels serun aspartate aminotrans ferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (AIT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and by histopathological observations of liver sections. Nitrendipine, nimodipine and nisoldipine (1 mg/100 g of rat, ip) significantly reduced these elevated levels of AST, AIT and gamma-GT. Carbon tetrachloride induced liver necrosis was also found to be significantly reduced in nitrendipine, nimodipine and nisoldipine pre-treated animals as observed macroscopically and histologically.
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PMID:Protection of CCL4-induced liver damage in rats by some calcium channel blockers. 855 Jan 25

Reference values of some hematologic and plasma chemical parameters were established in two species of clinically normal Cercopithecidae. The following variables were studied in seven mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and nine white-crowned mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus): hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, total serum proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, chloride, and serum osmolality. Few differences were observed when compared with human hematological data and with other species of Cercopithecidae Primates.
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PMID:Hematology and serum chemistry in the white-crowned mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) and in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). 890 7


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