Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO) of liver, kidneys, brains, lungs, heart, and testes was assessed in rats administered intraperitoneally with various doses of cadmium (Cd). Dose-response studies were carried out with male Long Evans rats (12-week-old; 300 +/- 33 g) injected with 25, 125, 500, and 1250 micrograms Cd/kg as CdCl2 and sacrificed after 24 h. In time-response studies, animals were administered with 25 and 500 micrograms Cd/kg as CdCl2 and sacrificed after 2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 h. Exposure of rats to low and moderate doses of Cd by the intraperitoneal route stimulated LPO in all the tissues investigated as assessed by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lungs and brain were the most responsive, and these tissues and liver displayed early responses following Cd exposure. Comparison of LPO to various tissue indicators (for liver: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP); for lungs: ALP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT] suggested that low doses of Cd stimulated LPO without any evidence of acute damages. These results suggest that LPO is an early and sensitive consequence of Cd exposure as determined in various organs. Investigation of liver, lungs, and heart antioxidant defense system components (glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD] revealed that GPX might be considered as a potential modulator of the Cd-induced LPO reaction in lungs and heart tissues.
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PMID:Studies on lipid peroxidation in rat tissues following administration of low and moderate doses of cadmium chloride. 182 34

We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of hepatic enzymes alterations in ambulant and healthy daily consumers of alcoholic beverages. In order to achieve this aim, a population of 107 regular customers from Coimbra's taverns was utilised. The percentage of results above the reference values was: Alk. Ph.-0%, AST/ALT--10.3%, T. Bil.--18.7%, ALT--37.4%, AST--44.9%, D. Bil.--52.3%, GGT--54.2%, GIDH--55.8%; seven individuals had normal levels of all hepatic markers, seventeen had 1 altered parameter, twenty two had 2, fourteen had 3, fifteen had 4, twenty had 5, eleven had 6, and one had 7. However, most of the alterations occur to levels close to normality. The correlation with the doses of alcohol is positive but low for all studied parameters, being statistically significant for some of them. The main conclusion of the present work is the demonstration that almost all tavern customers may already have disturbances of their hepatic biochemistry, though they look healthy, what represents an important and serious Public Health problem.
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PMID:[Hepatic markers in a population of tavern customers]. 195 Jun 57

Clinically healthy silver foxes obtained from a closed colony were investigated for the purpose of establishing base-line data for this species. The anthropometry (body weight; body length; length and width of the head; width, depth, and circumference of the chest; length of the tail), anatomical measurements (weight; longitudinal and transverse length; thickness of the main organs) and serum biochemical assays (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK, lipase, GGT, T-Cho, beta-Lipo, TG, Phos-Lip, Tp, T-Bil, UA, BUN, Crea, Glu, Ca, IP, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Cl, LDH and CK isoenzymes) were carried out. The data were presented as mean values with standard deviations, and compared with those of the dog. The coefficient of variation (CV) for each of the anthropometric parameters was low, except for that of female body weight for which the CV was 17%. The body size of the male was larger than the female, and the weights of the main organs, corresponding to body size, were greater than the female. The results were equivalent to those for a Beagle dog aged between 3 and 5 months. Significant differences between the sexes were detected in the following parameters: concentrations of BUN, beta-Lipo and T-Bil (p less than 0.01); concentration of Mg and Glu (p less than 0.05); activity of LDH and lipase (p less than 0.05). The biochemical data ware uniform with some exceptions. These were AST (142 IU/l) and ALP (122 IU/l) in a 5-year-old male fox, Glu (over 200 mg/dl) in four 2-year-old female foxes, CK (629 IU/l) in a 2-year-old female fox, and finally CK (366 IU/l) and lipase (428 IU/l) in an 8-year-old female fox, all of which were elevated. These data were similar to the reference values for the dog previously reported. The reference values presented in this report for the silver fox will be valuable as a guide for clinical diagnosis and research.
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PMID:Reference data on the anatomy and serum biochemistry of the silver fox. 195 49

An electro-neuro-physiological, biochemical and hematological study was carried out in 3 groups of non-symptomatic drinkers: those in group A had a daily alcohol intake of less than 40 grams of alcohol; group B had a daily intake of between 40 and 80 grams of alcohol and those in group C had an intake greater than 80 grams of alcohol per day. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that all the parameters evaluated show quicker alterations when the intake of ethanol is chronic. Electroneuro-physiological parameters were less sensitive than the following indexes: VCM, GGT, GOT, GPT. However, in 50.9% of the patients there were changes in conduction speed, which is an important point to take into account when making a therapeutic decision.
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PMID:[Hematological, biochemical and electroneurophysiological changes in asymptomatic drinkers: a sensitivity study]. 195 76

The authors reported on a three month long EPREX (human recombinant erythropoietin) therapy of 5 hemodialysis patients for the treatment of their anemia. The drug was administered in bolus form 2 or 3 times a week after dialysis in a dose of 50 to 150 IU/bodyweight increased gradually in every (or every second) week. Hgb ad Htk values were determined once a week while erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte and reticulocyte count once a month. Serum iron, TIBC, serum ferritin, BUN, serum creatinine, urea, serum ions, liver function assays, serum lipids and amylase were also established. Hgb, Htk levels and reticulocyte count have significantly increased in the 4th week of treatment already, severe anemia ceased with improved appetite, general condition and physical strength. Serum urea and LDH levels significantly increased while SGOT decreased. No significant change in leukocyte and thrombocyte count, serum Na, K, Ca, P, Cl, BUN, creatinine, total protein level, serum albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, GPT, amylase and blood sugar as well as serum lipid level were observed. No adverse reactions occurred during the treatment. After the three gradually decreased and within 6 weeks they had to be transfused again. In three patients the need for transfusion has significantly grown after the treatment. The authors consider EPREX a highly efficient drug in the treatment of anemia in dialysis patients.
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PMID:[Recombinant human erythropoietin in the therapy of anemia in hemodialyzed patients]. 223 36

In 1214 adult persons, the relationship between alcohol consumption, the "liver enzymes" and other metabolic parameters, including the serum lipids, were investigated. In 798 of the persons, glucose tolerance tests with measurement of plasma insulin were performed (young and old male and female adults, either volunteers or patients without liver-related diseases). There was a high correlation of the three transferases GOT, GPT and GGT not only with the reported alcohol consumption but also with the plasma insulin. Most of the insulin increase, however, occurred in that range of the three transferases which, so far, has erroneously been considered to be the normal one. The C-peptide showed the same behaviour. Plasma insulin was also raised in relation to overweight, but only in persons with the sum of the three transferases over 30 U/l, not in persons who did not drink alcohol and who had really normal transferases (sum of the three transferases below 30 U/l measured at 25 degrees C). The quotient of plasma insulin divided by the relative body weight (Broca Index) was constantly low in the range of really normal transferases (up to 30 U/l), thereafter rising significantly, but only in the range of the transferases so far erroneously considered to be the normal one (GOT to 17, GPT to 22, GGT to 28 U/l, thus sum up to 67). Serum glucose in the tolerance test also rose with the transferases but much less than the plasma insulin. The correlation between both GGT and the sum of the three transferases with the plasma insulin was significantly positive and independent of the relative body weight. It is concluded that overweight (which is generally believed to be the main risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes), and insulin resistance (which leads to hyperinsulinaemia), are largely caused by the toxic effects of "normal" daily alcohol, more in the human male than in the female. Hyperinsulinaemia (which blocks lipolysis) is caused by a toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites, independent of caloric input and overweight. Hyperinsulinaemia is at least in the human male at present, probably the most important cause of obesity. In obesity, caused by "normal" alcohol consumption, a vicious circle occurs: the enhancement of the triglycerides and, consequently, the free fatty acids leads to a further decrease of glucose utilization by the muscle. A continuously high glucose level has toxic effects: eventually the beta cells of the pancreas are exhausted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The main cause of diabetes (type II): "normal" alcohol drinking]. 227 72

The systemic administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) can lead to significant antitumor responses in some patients with metastatic cancer in whom standard therapy has failed. A limitation of this immunotherapy is the toxicity associated with IL-2 infusion. To assess toxicity, we determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2), lactate dehydrogenase (LD; EC 1.1.1.27), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1), creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), total bilirubin (TBI), direct bilirubin (DBI), creatinine, urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein in serum from 21 patients before and during five consecutive days of IL-2 treatment. Ten patients were followed for an additional five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. The IL-2 infusion caused liver toxicity and prerenal azotemia, as evidenced by significant increases (P less than 0.05) of all analytes except CK by day 1. There was a progressive increase in the results (except CK) for these tests until IL-2 treatment was stopped. Seven tests related to liver function (AST, ALT, GGT, LD, ALP, DBI, and TBI) showed increases, but the test results indicated significant improvement and moved toward the baseline value five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. Concentrations of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum were normal three days after the cessation of IL-2 therapy.
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PMID:Changes in laboratory results for cancer patients treated with interleukin-2. 231 Dec 9

Forty-two patients with small cell lung cancer were treated with a combination of carboplatin, ifosfamide and etoposide. Vincristine was given on day 14 of each course, the courses being repeated every 28 days for a maximum of six. Thoracic radiotherapy was given 4 weeks after the last course of chemotherapy but no prophylactic cranial radiotherapy was administered. Thirty patients had clinically limited state disease, the remaining patients having contralateral neck lymphadenopathy and/or pleural effusions. Elevated enzyme levels (alkaline phosphatase, LDH, ALT, GGT) were noted in 69% of patients. Twenty-four patients (57%) achieved a complete response (CR) when assessed one month after the end of treatment. A further 21% of patients had a partial response (PR). Median duration of CR was 14 months and of PR 8 months. Cerebral metastases were the sole site of relapse in 13% of the CR patients. Myelosuppression was severe with a median nadir of neutropenia of 0.2 x 10(9) cells 1-1. However, 74% of the patient group received all six courses of chemotherapy and only 16 courses (7%) were delayed because of toxicity. There were three deaths associated with treatment-related neutropenia. The median survival of the total group was 14 months, with an actuarial 2 year survival of 37% and a minimum follow-up of 18 months. [A recent analysis, March 1989, demonstrated a 33%, 2 year actual survival.]
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PMID:Carboplatin, ifosfamide and etoposide with mid-course vincristine and thoracic radiotherapy for 'limited' stage small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. 255 90

To establish the prevalence of liver enzyme alterations in the course of serious infections of diverse origin, 112 patients were studied retrospectively for the levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, GGT, alkaline phosphatase (FA) and bilirubin (BIL). Cases in which the values might be altered due to causes other than the infectious process were previously excluded. The prevalence of affectation of each of the parameters was the following: GGT, 39.1%; LDH, 33.3%; FAL, 30.1%; GOT, 29.5%; GPT, 24.8%; BIL, 18.3%. Seventy percent had at least one of these values changed. No significant differences were found in the incidence or intensity of the analytic alterations in function of the origin of the of infection, which suggests that these modification are nonspecific. Bilirubin levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients who died. On realizing the linear correlation analysis between the diverse parameters studied, a good correlation was found between them, suggesting a common pathogenetic mechanism.
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PMID:[Changes of liver enzymes during severe infections]. 257 Apr 47

Neopterin is a pyrazino-pyrimidine compound which is biosynthesized by macrophages. Increased concentrations of neopterin have been reported in conditions causing a stimulation of cellular immunity, such as viral and other infections, graft versus host disease, autoimmune disease and different malignancies. Recently, urinary neopterin levels have been found increased in patients with acute viral hepatitis and NANB chronic hepatitis. In the present study, neopterin serum levels have been measured in 23 cirrhotic patients (6 HBV related, and 17 cryptogenetic cirrhosis, 7 of them occurring in alcoholic subjects) and in 24 normal subjects. Mean values of serum neopterin were significantly increased in cirrhotics (3.92 +/- 3.28 ng/ml versus 1.24 +/- 0.51 ng/ml in controls, p less than 0.01). Serum neopterin values were not found to be significantly different in cirrhotics assessed in three different clinical classes according to Child's classification and in cirrhotics with and without serological findings of active disease. In fact, in cirrhotic patients, serum neopterin levels did not correlate with the values of serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and gamma-globulin. These data show that increased levels of serum neopterin occur in cirrhotic patients, but there is no relation between serum neopterin values and the activity or the clinical severity of the disease. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that activated macrophages are involved in all stages of liver cirrhosis irrespective of its aetiology.
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PMID:Serum neopterin levels in liver cirrhosis. 263 48


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