Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of 30 mmHg lasting 24 h in a porcine model will lead to a condition comparable with the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in humans. We examined 12 intubated and anesthetized domestic pigs with a mean body weight of 52.5 +/- 4.9 kg. Using a CO2 pneumoperitoneum, the IAP was increased to 30 mmHg (study group, n = 6) for an investigation period of 24 h. In the control group, the IAP remained unchanged. Investigated parameters were cardiac output (CO), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), urine output (UO), as well as serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase (AP). Additionally, histopathological examinations were performed. In the study group, CO was significantly reduced compared with the control group. All animals of this group became anuric and their PIP exceeded 40 cm H2O. Furthermore, ALT, AP, lipase, and lactate were significantly increased. Histopathologically, high-grade atelectasis in the lower lobes of the lung together with medium grade liver necrosis, medium grade proximal tubular epithelial necrosis, and medium grade mucosal bowel damage were observed. In this porcine model, an intra-abdominal pressure of 30 mmHg led to a condition comparable with the ACS. Because function or integrity of additional organ systems was impaired, an IAP of 30 mmHg has to be considered a predisposition for the multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in this porcine model.
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PMID:A porcine model of the abdominal compartment syndrome. 1239 74

The metabolism of biogenic amines and blood chemistry of psychiatric patients were investigated. Eighty newly admitted psychiatric patients suffering from schizophrenia, hypomania, mania and paranoid disorder, and matched with fifteen normal subjects were used for the study. Blood was collected and centrifuged, after which serum was extracted. Serum concentrations of biogenic amines, namely epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were determined using spectrofluorimetric method. Serum concentration of 5-HIAA, activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were determined. The concentrations of serum protein, albumin, Na+, K+, Cl- and CO2 in the psychiatric patients and control subjects were determined using Synchron CX5 automated spectrophotometer. Results of the study showed that the concentrations of serum epinephrine and norepinephrine in the psychiatric patients were significantly increased, while the concentrations of dopamine and serotonin were significantly decreased, as compared with the controls. Serum 5-HIAA levels were significantly elevated in all psychiatric patients compared with the controls. There was a marked elevation of the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase in all psychiatric syndromes, with the exception of paranoid disorder, which was reduced. Data of the study indicate that metabolism of biogenic amines and concentrations of serum proteins, enzymes and some electrolytes were significantly affected in psychiatric patients suffering form schizophrenia, hypomania, mania and paranoid disorder.
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PMID:Biogenic amines metabolism and blood chemistry of psychiatric patients. 1451 Jan 2

There have been many fatal occupational accidents of skin exposure to monochloroacetic acid (MCA). However, there have been no reports of dermatological findings and the lethal consequences have not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, harmful local and systemic effects were investigated after dermal exposure to MCA. A 0.5 mL aliquot of MCA solution (40% w/w) was applied to the abdominal skin of ten 10-week-old male SD rats under anesthesia. The exposure area (25 x 25 mm2) was 1.6% of the total surface area. The dose of MCA per area was 34.1 mg/cm2. Saline was similarly administered to 10 control rats. Histopathological findings after 10 min were observed by light microscopy. Blood samples were collected by exsanguinations from the carotid arteries after 4 h. Skin samples were collected 10 min after the initial exposure. Histological findings showed severe degeneration of collagen bundles in the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues. P(CO2), HCO(3)-, TCO2, BE and glucose levels were decreased in the MCA group. AST, m-AST, ALT, BUN, Cr, NH3, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, RBC, Hb, Hct, total protein and albumin were increased in the MCA group. The burn was determined to be a third-degree burn on the basis of the histopathological findings. The severe toxicity was probably a consequence of the rapid permeability. Biochemical parameters were a consequence of hepatocellular injuries, renal dysfunction, dysglyconeogenesis and dysfunction of ammonia metabolism. MCA reportedly enters the TCA cycle and inhibits aconitase. MCA metabolites also inhibit pyruvate carboxylase in the gluconeogenesis pathway. Therefore, the important serum biochemical abnormalities such as hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis should be monitored to find the acute systemic disorders.
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PMID:Systemic effects and skin injury after experimental dermal exposure to monochloroacetic acid. 1574 77

According to a previous study, a pathologically increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP) reduces cardiac output (CO) and results in medium- to high-grade organ damage in a porcine model of the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether fluid resuscitation can preserve organ integrity together with CO. We examined 12 domestic pigs with a mean body weight of 48 kg. We used a CO2 pneumoperitoneum to increase the IAP to 30 mmHg in 6 animals, and the others served as control group. The investigation period was 24 h. In addition to a standard infusion regimen, Ringer's solution was infused to maintain CO at the level of control animals. Hemodynamic parameters (ITBV, EVLW, MAP, CVP), urine output, inspiratory pressure, as well as serum parameters (e.g., ALT, lipase, AP, lactate, creatinine) were recorded. In the end histological examination of liver, bowel, kidney, and lung was performed. CO, ITBV, EVLW, and urine output did not change when compared with control. Fluid intake was increased (P < 0.01) when compared with control (10,570 +/- 1,928 vs. 3,918 +/- 1,042 mL). CVP, MAP, and inspiratory pressure were increased. Serum parameters did not change. Acidosis occurred in the study group. Liver, bowel, kidney, and lung displayed mean- to high-grade damage (P < 0.01). Although extensive fluid resuscitation preserved CO, diuresis, and serum parameters in this previously described model of the ACS, organ damage occurred. In the clinical regard, these results support decompressive treatment in the presence of pathologically high IAP despite "normalized" parameters.
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PMID:Fluid resuscitation preserves cardiac output but cannot prevent organ damage in a porcine model during 24 h of intraabdominal hypertension. 1604 86

CO2 pneumoperitoneum is an insuflication of CO2 into abdominal cavity in order to enable visulation of organs, and easier manipulation with instruments during laparoscopic surgery. Pressure that is being used is between 12 to 20 mmHg, but it is usually 14 mmHG, and it is higher than a pressure in the port system, which is between 7 to 10 mmHG. This causes changes in activity of AST, ALT and bilirubin during the laparoscopic surgery. In this research we have had two groups of 30 patients that had laparoscopic holecystectomy (researched group) and laparoscopic (control group) surgical technique. We have had compared values of activity for AST, ALT and bilirubin before and after the surgeries (after 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours). We concluded that changes of activity for AST, ALT and bilirubin during laparoscopic surgery are more outstanding with higher degree of significance than what happened during laparotomic surgery. Changes are of transitory nature and after 72 hours they return to the preoperative values.
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PMID:[Influence of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on liver function]. 1652 23

Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are endangered aquatic mammals living in coastal and riverine waterways of Florida and adjacent states. Serum or plasma biochemical analyses are important tools in evaluating the health of free-ranging and captive manatees. The purpose of this study was to measure diagnostically important analytes in the plasma of healthy manatees and to determine whether there was significant variation with respect to location (free-ranging versus captive), age class (small calves, large calves, subadults, adults), and gender. No significant differences in plasma sodium, potassium, bilirubin, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, or creatine kinase were found among these classes of animals. Compared to free-ranging manatees, captive animals had significantly lower mean concentrations of plasma chloride, phosphate, magnesium, triglycerides, anion gap, and lactate. Captive manatees had significantly higher mean values of total CO2, calcium, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio than did free-ranging animals. Differences in the environments of these two groups, including diet, temperature, salinity, and stress, might account for some of these results. The higher plasma lactate and anion gap concentrations and lower total CO2 concentrations of free-ranging manatees were probably due to greater exertion during capture, but the lack of elevated plasma creatine kinase activity relative to captive animals indicates that there was no serious muscle injury associated with capture. Plasma phosphate decreased and total globulins increased with age. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were highest in small calves. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was higher in large calves than in adults and subadults, and the albumin/ globulin ratio was higher in subadults than in adults. Plasma total CO2 was higher and chloride was slightly lower in females than in males.
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PMID:Clinical biochemistry in healthy manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). 1767 11

It is not known if vitamin E in hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia of longer duration has any beneficial or adverse effects on electrolytes, and liver and kidney function. The objectives of this study are to determine (i) if long duration of mild hypercholesterolemia has any adverse effects on serum electrolytes, glucose and enzymes related to liver and kidney functions; (ii) if vitamin E has any effects on serum electrolytes, glucose and enzymes related to liver and kidney function in hypercholesterolemia. Blood samples were collected from the rabbits before and at various intervals during administration of a high cholesterol diet (0.25%) for 2 and 4 months, and while on a high cholesterol diet with vitamin E following a high cholesterol diet. Measurements of serum total cholesterol (TC), glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin, creatinine, electrolytes [sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and carbon dioxide (CO2)] were made. High cholesterol diet for 2 months produced hypercholesterolemia which was associated with reductions in serum glucose, unaltered serum electrolytes, ALT, ALP, GGT, albumin and creatinine, and increased levels of AST. Hypercholesterolemia for 4 months had effects similar to hypercholesterolemia for 2 months except it lowered serum ALP. Vitamin E did not affect any of the parameters except serum glucose and Cl, which decreased compared to the values at month 2. Hypercholesterolemia for short and long term does not have adverse effects on liver or kidney function, and serum electrolytes. Vitamin E during hypercholesterolemia does not affect serum electrolytes or liver and kidney function.
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PMID:Effects of vitamin E on serum enzymes and electrolytes in hypercholesterolemia. 1973 Sep 89

Marine mammal researchers and veterinarians evaluate the health of individuals and populations by using observed ranges for blood values. The goal of this study was to establish observed ranges for dependent (0-4 week) and weanling (>4 week) harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups that were admitted for rehabilitation at the Marine Animal Lifeline in Portland, Maine from 1998-2003 and to record changes in hematologic and biochemical values as they convalesced. Blood values, measured both at admission to and release from rehabilitation, were quantitatively compared between these two groups. Of the 29 blood analytes measured in this study between dependent and weanling pups upon admission to rehabilitation, 14 were significantly different including white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, potassium, chloride, CO2, total bilirubin, calcium, alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase. Between admission and release, 14 analytes had significantly changed for dependent pups including RBC, Hb, HCT, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, potassium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and ALT. Between admission and release, 10 analytes had significantly changed for weanlings including RBC, MCV, neutrophils, eosinophils, potassium, chloride, anion gap, total protein, total bilirubin, and calcium. At the time of release, six parameters were significantly different between pups admitted as dependent and those admitted as weanlings including MCV, neutrophils, eosinophils, total protein, globulin, and albumin.
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PMID:Evaluation of hematologic and biochemical values for convalescing seals from the coast of Maine. 1974 55

Experimental studies indicate that oxidative stress during and after laparoscopic surgery may cause liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of ischemic preconditioning against liver damage during pneumoperitoneum on oxidative stress. Twenty one New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups of seven animals. Control group (C) rabbits received anesthesia for 60 min alone; 15 mm Hg intra-abdominal pressure with CO2 for 60 min was used in the pneumoperitoneum group animals (PNP); and 15-min insufflation and 10-min desuflation followed by 60-min pneumoperitoneum were used in the ischemic preconditioning group animals (IP). Venous blood samples were obtained at different time points to measure lipid hydroperoxide, glutathione reductase and total antioxidant status as indicators of increased oxidative stress. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were evaluated as indicators of hepatocellular injury. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used on statistical analysis. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure was found to produce significant increase in lipid hydroperoxide at the end of pneumoperitoneum and 30 min after desuflation in comparison with pre-insufflation period, and with both C and IP groups at the same time points. Total antioxidant status level decreased significantly in the PNP group at 24 h of desuflation. At 24h of desuflation, the AST, ALT and LDH levels were significantly increased in the PNP group in comparison with the levels measured before induction of anesthesia, and with the C and IP groups. Study results demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning prevented hepatocyte injury and oxidative stress during CO2 pneumoperitoneum.
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PMID:Ischemic preconditioning decreases laparoscopy induced oxidative stress in the liver. 2069 31

We report an obese patient who developed rhabdomyolysis after prolonged surgery in lateral decubitus position. A 55-year-old woman, with a body mass index of 29.3 kg x m(-2), underwent removal of an acoustic neurinoma in lateral decubitus position which lasted 20 hours. There was no intraoperative muscle rigidity, redness of the urine or rapid elevation of PET(CO2) and body temperature. The patient developed skin ulcer in the left flank after the surgery. There were elevated levels of serum creatinine phosphokinase, AST, ALT, and myoglobin in the urine. CT of the abdomen taken two days after the surgery suggested the presence of rhabdomyolysis of the transverse abdominal muscles.
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PMID:[Rhabdomyolysis after prolonged surgery in lateral decubitus position]. 2152 Jun 1


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