Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from six limb muscles in six horses before and during a training programme of 10 or 15 weeks designed to involve both aerobic and anaerobic work. In a subsequent detraining period, biopsies were also taken after 5 and 10 weeks. 2. Samples were analysed biochemically for enzyme activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase (ALD), citrate synthase (CS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and for glycogen content. Fibre typing was carried out histochemically before and 10 weeks after commencement of training. 3. There was a significant increase in the percentage of high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (FTH) fibres with a corresponding decrease in high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/low oxidative (FT) fibres and low myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (ST) fibres after 10 weeks training. 4. During training, enzyme activities increased progressively but at different rates with an approximate twofold increase in all of the enzymes except CPK by the end of the training period. Changes in all the muscles studied were similar. Glycogen content increased by approximately 33% which was significant when all the muscles were considered together. 5. A decrease in enzyme activity occurred after 5 weeks detraining. However at 10 weeks a consistent but inexplicable increase in all enzyme levels, except CS again occurred. 6. It is concluded that training increased greatly the activity of enzymes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
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PMID:The effect of training and detraining on muscle composition in the horse. 14 28

Mice were infected with cysts of the ALT strain Toxoplasma by intraperitoneal injection. After 2-8 weeks disseminated cysts could be demonstrated in the brain tissue. All cysts showed identical histochemical characteristics, independent of their sizes or their cell number. The encysted organisms were intensely stained after the PAS-reaction. This polysaccharide is highly diastase and acid resistant. Glycogen synthetase activity could not be demonstrated, but phosphorylase activity was very high. The energy metabolism was characterized by a high lactate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the reaction for succinate dehydrogenase activity only leads to sparse deposits of reaction products. The carbohydrate content is interpreted to be not only a store of energy substrate but also a store of biosynthetic substrate. It is assumed that a part of the liberated glucose at high activities of G-6-P-DH and 6-P-G-DH is metabolized by the hexose monophosphate shunt, the pentoses of which may contribute to nucleic acid synthesis which is necessary for the proliferation of the encysted organisms.
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PMID:[Histochemistry of the carbohydrate metabolism in cysts of Toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)]. 19 13

We studied the histological and ultrastructural changes in the liver and alterations in the liver test results before, during, and after treatment with human interferon-beta from five patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis. A daily dose of 3 x 10(6) to 6 x 10(6) units of interferon-beta was given intravenously for four weeks. The total index of periportal and portal inflammation, intralobular degeneration, and focal necrosis before treatment was decreased significantly six months after treatment (P less than 0.05). Ultrastructurally, the structure of endoplasmic reticulum was irregularly shaped or fragmentally decreased during treatment, but these disappeared six or 12 months after treatment. Glycogen particles diminished greatly during treatment. The alanine aminotransferase concentrations in these patients increased during treatment. Serum albumin and cholinesterase levels decreased significantly at the fourth week of treatment (P less than 0.01) and at the third day (P less than 0.01) to the second week (P less than 0.05) of treatment, respectively. These results suggest that interferon-beta injures endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen areas and damages the cholinesterase activity in the early stage of treatment and protein synthesis in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:Changes in ultrastructure of hepatocytes and liver test results before, during, and after treatment with interferon-beta in patients with HB(e)Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. 149 52

1. The activities of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the concentrations of citrate, ammonia, amino acids, glycogen, glucose 6-phosphate, acetyl-CoA, lactate and pyruvate were measured in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 2. In kidney cortex of diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats the activities of glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) and phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) were increased. 3. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.10) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) were increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats. In growth hormone-treated rats the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was depressed but those of the other three enzymes were unchanged. 4. The activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) was not altered in any of these conditions. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity was depressed only in growth hormone-treated rats. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) activity was depressed in cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats but unchanged in diabetic rats. 5. Amino acids, acetyl-CoA and glucose 6-phosphate contents were increased in rat kidneys in all these three conditions. Ammonia content was increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but was markedly diminished in growth hormone-treated rats. 6. The [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio was elevated in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but unchanged in growth hormone-treated rats. Citrate content was increased in the kidney cortex of diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was unchanged in cortisone-treated rats. The activity of ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was increased in cortisone-treated rats. 7. Glycogen content was moderately elevated in growth hormone-treated rats and markedly elevated in diabetic rats, whereas no change in glycogen content was observed in cortisone-treated rats. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) activity was unchanged in all these three conditions. Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity was not affected in cortisone-treated rats but was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats.
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PMID:Evaluation of the rate-limiting steps in the pathway of glucose metabolism in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 434 56

To investigate the protective mechanism of FTY720 in small-for-size liver grafts, we applied a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model using 40% of liver grafts. FTY720 was administered (1 mg/kg, i.v.) at 20 min before graft harvesting in the donor, immediately before total hepatectomy and immediately after graft reperfusion in the recipient. The 7-day graft survival rates in the FTY720 group were significantly improved compared with the control group [100% (6/6) vs. 40% (4/10), p = 0.034]. FTY720 significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels at 24 h after liver transplantation. The cell-survival Akt signaling pathway was activated in FTY720 groups by phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta, Bad and Forkhead Transcription Factor at 6 and 24 h after liver transplantation. The cleaved-caspases 3, 7 and 9 were down-regulated, accompanied with less apoptotic nuclei after FTY720 treatment. Acute-phase inflammatory MAPK pathway was down-regulated by dephosphorylation of c-Raf, Mek and Erk in the treatment groups. A20 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were up-regulated together with down-regulation of iNOS. Hepatic sinusoids were well preserved in the FTY720 group but disrupted in the control group. In conclusion, FTY720 attenuates small-for-size liver graft injury by activation of cell-survival Akt signaling and down-regulation of the MAPK pathway.
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PMID:Attenuation of small-for-size liver graft injury by FTY720: significance of cell-survival Akt signaling pathway. 1530 27

Dianex, a polyherbal formulation consisting of the aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Azadirachta indica, Cassia auriculata, Aegle marmelose, Withania somnifera and Curcuma longa was screened for hypoglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Dianex was administered in different doses of 100-500 mg/kg/day orally in acute (6 h) and long-term (6 weeks) studies. Blood glucose levels were checked 2-6 h after treatment in acute studies and every 2 weeks in long-term studies. Body weight was recorded on the first and final day of the treatment in the long-term studies with diabetic mice. After 6 weeks, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspertate transaminase (AST), urea and creatinine were estimated in serum of the diabetic mice. Glycogen and total protein levels were estimated in the liver. Also, the liver and pancreas was subjected to histological examination. Oral glucose tolerance and in vitro free radical scavenging activity was also studied. Dianex produced significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic activity at 250-500 mg/kg doses in both normal and diabetic mice in acute and long-term studies. The body weight of diabetic mice significantly (p<0.05) increased with all tested doses of Dianex. The elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, urea and creatinine levels in diabetic mice were significantly (p<0.05) reduced at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The liver glycogen and protein levels were both significantly (p<0.05) increased in diabetic mice at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses. Dianex increased the glucose tolerance significantly (p<0.05) in both normal and diabetic mice at all the doses tested. Histopathological examination showed that the formulation decreased streptozotocin induced injury to the tissues at all the doses tested. It produced significant (p<0.05) free radical scavenging activity against ABTS+, DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals at the concentrations ranging between 10-1000 microg/ml.Thus, in the present study, Dianex produced significant hypoglycemic activity in both normal and diabetic animals. It also reversed other diabetic complications in diabetic mice at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses. In our earlier study, Dianex was well tolerated in laboratory animals at higher doses (upto 10 g/kg in mice, acute toxicity; up to 2.5 g/kg in rats, subacute toxicity studies for 30 days) without exhibiting any toxic manifestation. Hence, Dianex may be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Effect of Dianex, a herbal formulation on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. 1610 94

Microcystins are usually the predominant cyanotoxins present in both drinking and recreational waters after cyanobacterial blooms. Their classic toxic effect is hepatotoxicity through inhibition of serine/threonine phosphatases. However, recent studies also reported oxidative stress generation and disruption of ion regulation in aquatic organisms after microcystins exposure. In the present study, aqueous extracts of Microcystis aeruginosa were administered to the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus (Decapoda, Brachyura) by gavage in variable doses (from 34 to 860 microg kg(-1)) and exposure times (6, 12, and 72 h). A control group was exposed to saline solution. Analyzed variables included oxygen consumption, lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzyme activities (glutathione S-transferases or GST; alanine aminotransferase or ALT; aspartate aminotransferase or AST; and lactate dehydrogenase or LDH), glycogen, and microcystins content. Oxygen consumption increased in organisms exposed for 12h to 860 microg kg(-1) of microcystins and a similar result was observed after 72 h at doses equal to or higher than 34 microg kg(-1). LPO levels increased in doses equal to or higher than 34 microg kg(-1) after 72 h. GST and LDH activities increased after 12 h (at a dose of 860 microg kg(-1)), but ALT and AST activities remained unaltered in all experimental conditions. Glycogen content decreased after 72 h exposure at doses equal to or higher than 172 microg kg(-1). After 12h of exposure to 860 microg kg(-1) of microcystins, the concentration found in the hepatopancreas of C. granulatus was 13.17+/-0.56 microg kg(-1). In crabs exposed to doses higher than 172 microg kg(-1) during 72 h this value raised to 32.14+/-4.12 microg kg(-1). The obtained results indicated that microcystins exposure led the tissue to an oxidative stress condition (high LPO levels), at least in part favored by the augment of oxygen consumption, altering the glycogen metabolism. GST responses were only observed in the short-term experiment (12 h) and no effect on classical markers of vertebrate liver damage (ALT and AST) was observed. Although the hepatopancreas from C. granulatus accumulated a relatively low concentration of toxins, it was enough to induce physiological and biochemical disturbances.
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PMID:Biochemical and physiological responses after exposure to microcystins in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus (Decapoda, Brachyura). 1613 63

The toxic effects of Asian black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus (Family, Scorpionidae) venom were determined in albino mice (NIH strain). Venom was isolated and fractioned by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The toxicity of fractioned venom was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The LD(50) of venom was found to be 15 mg kg(-1) body weight and range of molecular weight of venom proteins responsible for toxicity was found from 9.5-63 kDs. The effects of fractioned venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum and gastrocnemius muscle tissue of albino mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in serum levels of glucose, free amino acids, uric acid, pyruvic acid and total protein was observed while a decrease in the cholesterol level in serum was observed after 4 h of envenomation. Increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzyme activity in serum was observed. Glycogen content in liver, atria, ventricle, rectus abdominus and gastrocnemius muscle was decreased after experimental envenomation. Activity of ALP, ACP, LDH, GPT, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes in gastrocnemius muscle tissue of envenomed albino mice was studied. Inhibition in ALP, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzyme activity and increase in ACP, LDH and GPT enzyme activity was observed in gastrocnemius muscle after scorpion envenomation. In vitro studies with AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes indicated that enzymatic activity of AChE was inhibited competitively by fractioned venom in gastrocnemius muscle.
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PMID:Biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice. 1841 45

Cirrhosis is a very common disease and its treatment is limited due to lack of effective drugs. Some studies indicate that this disease is associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, we decided to study the effect of trolox, an effective antioxidant, on experimental cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced by CCl4 administration (0.4 g/kg, intraperitoneally, three times per week, for 8 weeks) to Wistar male rats. Trolox was administered daily (50 mg/kg, orally). Fibrosis was assessed histologically and by measuring liver hydroxyproline content. Glutathione, lipid peroxidation and glycogen were measured in liver; serum markers of liver damage were also quantified. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was determined by Western blot and quantified densitometrically. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminotransferase increased in the group receiving CCl4; trolox completely or partially prevented these alterations. Glycogen was almost depleted by CCl4 but was partially preserved by trolox. Lipid peroxidation increased while glutathione decreased by CCl4 administration; trolox corrected both effects. Histology showed thick bands of collagen, necrosis and distortion of the hepatic parenchyma in the CCl4 group, such effects were prevented by trolox. Hydroxyproline content increased 5-fold by CCl4, while the group receiving both CCl4 and trolox showed no significant difference compared to the control group. CCl4 increased 3-fold TGF-beta, while trolox completely prevented this increase. We found that trolox effectively prevented cirrhosis induced with CCl4 in the rat. Our results suggest that the beneficial effects of trolox may be associated to its antioxidant properties and to its ability to reduce the profibrogenic cytokine TGF-beta expression.
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PMID:Trolox down-regulates transforming growth factor-beta and prevents experimental cirrhosis. 1881 77

The aim of this study was to investigate biochemical and antioxidant parameters in alloxan-resistant (ALR) and alloxan-susceptible (ALS) rats. Diabetes was induced in 60-day-old male Wistar rats by a single intraperitonial injection of alloxan (AL, 150 mg/kg). Ten days after induction, a group of rats showed a significant decrease in glycemia. This group was named alloxan-resistant group. Susceptible rats showed a remarkable increase in the plasma lipid content, blood glucose and HbA1. Glycogen content in the liver decreased significantly in the ALS group (2.08 +/- 0.41 mg%) compared with ALR group (4.22 +/- 0.18). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were quantified in the plasma. Interestingly, ALR rats showed a decrease in both activities (42.1 +/- 6.11 and 21.7 +/- 5.54 U/mL) when compared with ALS rats (59.1 +/- 6.55 and 58.1 +/- 7.28 U/mL). The TBARS index was significantly increased in the ALS liver (0.38 +/- 0.08 nm/mg protein) when compared with the ALR liver (0.18 +/- 0.04). Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the ALR (230 +/- 13 and 131 +/- 15 U/mg protein) liver showed a marked increase when compared with the ALS liver (148 +/- 13 and 68 +/- 5 U/mg protein). The immunohistochemical and hematoxilin-eosin analysis also revealed that pancreatic islets of ALR rats display a different morphology amongst the groups. These results suggest an increased regenerative or recovery process in the ALR rat pancreatic islets and an increased hepatic antioxidant defenses in these group of alloxan-resistant rats.
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PMID:Pancreas beta-cells morphology, liver antioxidant enzymes and liver oxidative parameters in alloxan-resistant and alloxan-susceptible Wistar rats: a viable model system for the study of concepts into reactive oxygen species. 1904 70


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