Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isolated rat livers were perfused for 6 hours by different types of cell-free synthetic media. Some of the media included perfluoro-compounds as an oxygen carrier. The value of the perfusion medium as blood substitute was judged on the basis of observations and measurements of a number of parameters. These were: secretion of bile, fluid pressure in the portal vein, the level of GPT (ALAT) transaminase, urea nitrogen, and glucose in the perfusate. The rate of albumin synthesis and the rate of 14-C-lysine incorporated into circulating proteins were also measured. It was found that perfusion of the isolated rat liver with the TC-199 Difco medium containing the perfluoro-compound FC-80 emulsion maintained the liver in a good condition demonstrated, among other things, by the synthesis of albumin and other proteins. The liver could be kept in a good functional condition during 6 hours perfusion with this cell-free medium. With all the other types of perfusate tested the liver did not synthesize proteins. The isolated rat liver seems to be both convenient and advantageous for testing the perfusion media with respect to their capacity to maintain important metabolic functions.
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PMID:Studies on isolated rat liver perfused by perfluoro-compound emulsion. 112 46

The development of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6,-O-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside) an epipodophyllotoxin with oncolytic activity, was characterized in mice treated three times at 3-day intervals with 10 mg of drug i.p. per kg of body weight. Changes in organ function and general metabolism were determined by measuring 18 constituents of blood for up to 10 weeks after drug administration. The results indicate three distinct phases of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside). Acute toxicity developed within the first 10 days and was expressed by a depressed hematocrit and elevated plasma levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, amylase, lipase, and uric acid. By 4 weeks, levels ahd returned to normal. The acute phase was followed by a chronic phase, which was characterized by progressive decreases in plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. Finally, about 7 weeks after treatment, a terminal phase indicated by correlated increases in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen became apparent. Plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase, calcium, inorganic phosphate, total bilirubin, ketones, and alkaline phosphatase did not change. Although the pancreas liver and marrow were all affected during acute toxicity, boserved changes in blood components during the chronic and terminal phases correlate best with continued hepatotoxicity. The present evidence on delayed toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is most compatible with irreversible hepatotoxocity which leads to metabolic deficiencies and terminates in death of mice.
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PMID:Acute, chronic and terminal toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene glucoside (VM26) in mice. 113 30

Mecadox addition to the diet of laboratory mice in doses of 25 mg/kg/day for 30 days resulted in some hematologic and biochemical modifications: 1. Red cell count declined moderately, leucocyte and neutrophile count was higher and reached their normal values 15 days following treatment. 2. Modifications of liver transaminases expressed by a diminution of GOT and GPT activities were observed together with a reduction of free nitrogen. Values returned to normal within 15 days after treatment. 3. Mecadox stimulated weight gain in treated animals during the first 15 days of treatment. No significant differences were observed in weight gain between the two groups during the period which followed treatment.
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PMID:Modification of some hematologic and biochemical indices in mice consecutive mecadox administration. 119 Sep 73

Untrained rats were subjected to a single intense physical effort. In the plasma the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and the concentrations of amino acids: glycine, cystine, alanine and leucine with isoleucine were measured. The results were compared with the data obtained in a control group. Despite lack of statistically significant differences in the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of amino acids between these groups a correlation was found between the activity of AIAT and alanine concentration in the animals after exercise. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen was decreased statistically significantly in the group of animals subjected to intensive exercise.
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PMID:The effect of a single intense effort on the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma of rats. 119 42

Blood samples were collected from 91 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa), immediately after being shot. Serum mean biochemical values from shot deer are presented for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus. Mean total protein and albumin increased with age. There was an age-associated increase of gamma globulins. Mean creatine kinase activity and creatinine, albumin and phosphorus concentrations were higher in stags than in hinds. Pregnant hinds had lower mean creatine kinase activity and phosphorus and higher mean alanine aminotransferase and total protein than non-pregnant hinds. Mean calcium concentration increased when deer were agitated before bleeding.
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PMID:Serum biochemical values of rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in New Caledonia. 128 72

Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) virus and a new strain of Ebola virus were isolated concurrently in recently imported cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) being maintained in a quarantine facility. Ebola virus had never been isolated in the U.S. previously and was presumed to be highly pathogenic for humans. A chronology of events including measures taken to address the public health concerns is presented. The clinicopathologic features of the disease were abrupt anorexia, splenomegaly, marked elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, with less prominent elevations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and other serum chemistry parameters. Histologically, fibrin deposition, hemorrhage, and necrosis of lymphoid cells and reticular mononuclear phagocytes were present in the spleens of SHF and of Ebola virus-infected animals. Intravascular fibrin thrombi and hemorrhage were also present in the renal medulla and multifocally in the gastrointestinal tract. Necrosis of lymphoid and epithelial cells was occasionally noted in the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathologic findings considered specific for Ebola virus infection include hepatocellular necrosis, necrosis of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and interstitial pneumonia, all of which were generally associated with the presence of 1 to 4 mu intracytoplasmic amphophilic inclusion bodies. The disease spread within rooms despite discontinuation of all direct contact with animals, and droplet or aerosol transmission was suspected. Antibody to Ebola virus developed in animal handlers but no clinical disease was noted, suggesting a less virulent strain of virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Combined simian hemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys. 131 46

We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. 132 Jan 64

We have previously reported that Drosophila Kc cells require glutamine for maximal expression of heat shock proteins in stressed conditions (Sanders and Kon: J. Cell. Physiol. 146:180-190, 1991). The mechanism of this effect has been investigated by comparing the metabolic utilization of glutamine in conditions which support hsp expression with that of glutamate in conditions where up to 100-fold less hsp is synthesized. This comparison showed that free ammonia was generated by cells incubated in the presence of glutamine in 37 degrees C (heat shock) conditions, but not at 25 degrees C, and not in the presence of glutamate in either normal or heat shock conditions. There was no difference in the amount of [14C]O2 generated from either [14C]-labeled amino acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but three- to four-fold more alanine was synthesized in cells incubated in glutamine than in glutamate. Treating the cells with aminotransferase inhibitors to artificially increase NH3 release raised hsp expression in the presence of glutamate to maximal levels characteristic of glutamine. This potentiation correlated with inhibition of alanine aminotransferase. Since only NH3 production correlated with hsp expression in heat shock conditions in the presence of glutamine, and NH3 addition to glutamate also resulted in maximal hsp expression, we measured glutamine production in glutamate plus NH3 and observed net glutamine synthesis. The supposition that glutamine itself is responsible for the regulatory changes supporting maximal hsp expression was supported by the finding that the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), mimicked the effects of glutamine. We conclude that glutamine imposes regulatory changes which alter nitrogen metabolism and support hsp expression in Kc cells.
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PMID:Glutamine and glutamate metabolism in normal and heat shock conditions in Drosophila Kc cells: conditions supporting glutamine synthesis maximize heat shock polypeptide expression. 134 46

Response characteristics are presented for a dual-enzyme fiber-optic biosensor for glutamate. An enzyme layer composed of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) is used to produce reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at the tip of a fiber-optic probe. NADH luminescence is monitored through this probe and the measured fluorescence intensity is related to the concentration of glutamate. GDH catalyzes the formation of NADH, and GPT drives the GDH reaction by removing a reaction product and regenerating glutamate. Optimal response is obtained in a pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer maintained at 25 degrees C in the presence of 4 mM NAD+ and 10 mM L-alanine. The temperature profile reveals a strong negative temperature effect which is attributed to the temperature dependency of NADH luminescence. Under optimal conditions, the sensor sensitivity is 0.127 nA/microM over the 1-10 microM concentration range, the detection limit is 0.13 microM, and response times range from 4 to 8 min. The sensor response is stable for 12 days when stored at 4 degrees C. Selectivity for glutamate is excellent over most of the common amino acids as well as ascorbic acid, uric acid, taurine, and GABA. Only slight responses were observed for glutamine and lysine. The effect of ammonia on the glutamate response was found to be minimal at total ammonia nitrogen concentrations as high as 200 microM.
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PMID:Dual-enzyme fiber-optic biosensor for glutamate based on reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide luminescence. 135 Apr 33

1. The hepatic metabolism of glutamine, alanine, ammonia, urea, glutathione and glucose was studied in rats made septic by caecal ligation and puncture and was compared with that in rats that had undergone sham operation (laparotomy). 2. Sepsis resulted in increases in the plasma activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase (P less than 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (P less than 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (P less than 0.001), the serum total and direct bilirubin concentrations (P less than 0.001), and the blood lactate (P less than 0.01), glutamine (P less than 0.05), alanine (P less than 0.001) and urea (P less than 0.05) concentrations, but produced decreases in the blood ketone body (P less than 0.001) and glutathione (P less than 0.05) concentrations and in the plasma cholesterol concentration (P less than 0.05). These changes were associated with marked negative nitrogen balance in septic rats. 3. Sepsis increased total hepatic blood flow (by 22.7%) together with hepatic arterial flow (by 25.8%) and portal venous flow (by 18.7%). Sepsis resulted in marked increases in the net rates of hepatic extraction of glutamine (by 164%), alanine (by 138%) and ammonia (by 259%) with concomitant increases in the net rates of hepatic release of glutamate (by 105%), glutathione (by 87.5%), glucose (by 70.1%) and urea (by 100.4%). 4. Sepsis increased the activities of liver carbamoylphosphate synthase (by 16.4%), ornithine transcarbamylase (by 29.8%), argininosuccinate synthase (by 28.1%) and arginase (by 33.8%). 5. Septic rats exhibited marked increases in hepatic protein (by 46.0%), RNA (by 43.4%) and DNA (by 37.7%) contents. These changes were accompanied by marked increases in the activity of thymidine kinase (by 35.9%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatic glutamine metabolism in the septic rat. 137 98


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