Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A seven-month-old girl was admitted to the Pediatrics Department of Mackay Memorial Hospital with the following symptoms and signs: (1) high fever for more than five days; (2) injection of bilateral conjunctiva; (3) bright red lips with strawberry tongue; (4) edematous change of palms and soles, followed by digit desquamation; (5) an ill-defined, erythematous plaque on the scar of the BCG. Kawasaki disease was diagnosed, and high dose aspirin (100 mg/kg/day) and intravenous gamma-globulin (IVIG) (400 mg/kg/day) were given for four days. The patient was afebrile on the second day after IVIG infusion, and was discharged six days after admission. A small single daily dose of aspirin (10 mg/kg/day) was given after the afebrile days. Unfortunately, vomiting and consciousness disturbance were noted one day after discharge. Laboratory data showed elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ammonia. Hypoglycemia and prolonged PT and PTT were also noted. Reye syndrome was suspected, and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for further management. A liver biopsy gave findings consistent with Reye syndrome. In spite of intensive treatment, the infant expired on the second day after admission. In a review of the literature, no correlation between these two syndromes was found. This rare case is presented to warn that Reye syndrome may follow Kawasaki disease when aspirin has been prescribed at a high dose.
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PMID:Kawasaki disease with Reye syndrome: report of one case. 162 54

1. The metabolism of glutamine and alanine in the lung was studied in rats made septic by a caecal ligation and puncture technique. 2. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly different in septic rats, but blood pyruvate, lactate, glutamine and alanine concentrations were markedly increased as compared with sham-operated rats. Conversely, blood ketone body and plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased in septic rats. Both plasma insulin and plasma glucagon concentrations were markedly elevated in response to sepsis. Sepsis resulted in a negative nitrogen balance. 3. Sepsis increased the rates of production of glutamine (52.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (38.9%, P less than 0.001) and glutamate (48.6%, P less than 0.001) by lung slices incubated in vitro. 4. Sepsis increased lung blood flow by 27.6% (P less than 0.05). Blood flow and arteriovenous concentration difference measurement across the lung of septic rats showed an increase in the net exchange rates of glutamine (142.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (129.4%, P less than 0.001), glutamate (100.9%, P less than 0.001) and ammonia (138.0%, P less than 0.001) as compared with sham-operated control rats. 5. Sepsis produced significant decreases in the lung concentrations of glutamine (36.8%), glutamate (20.8%), 2-oxoglutarate (64.8%) and AMP (18.3%). The lung concentrations of alanine (95.9%), ammonia (67.7%) and pyruvate (89.7%) were increased. 6. The maximal activities of glutamine synthetase (20.4%, P less than 0.05), phosphate-dependent glutaminase (18.9%, P less than 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (25.5%, P less than 0.05) were increased, but there was no marked change in that of glutamate dehydrogenase, in the lungs of septic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glutamine and alanine metabolism in lungs of septic rats. 168 36

The medical records of 18 dogs that had hepatic disease and received phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant for 5 to 82 months were reviewed. Clinical signs included sedation and ataxia in all dogs, 5 dogs were also anorectic, 2 had coagulopathy, 3 were icteric, and 5 had ascites. Serum biochemical analysis revealed serum albumin concentration less than or equal to 2.2. g/dl in 12 dogs, serum alkaline phosphatase activity greater than or equal to 169 U/L in 18 dogs, serum alanine transaminase activity greater than or equal to 57 U/L in 15 dogs, and total bilirubin concentration greater than or equal to 1 mg/dl (in the absence of lipemia) in 7 dogs. Serum phenobarbital concentration was greater than or equal to 40 micrograms/ml in 12 of 17 dogs. Sulfobromophthalein excretion was prolonged in 8 of 10 dogs. Preprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 8 of 10 dogs, and 2-hour postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 9 of 10 dogs. Two of 4 dogs tested had resting plasma ammonia concentrations greater than 200 mg/dl. An ammonia tolerance test was performed on 2 other dogs; both had ammonia concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl in the plasma 30 minutes after receiving 100 mg of ammonium chloride/kg of body weight, PO. Nine dogs died, 1 was euthanatized, and necropsies were performed on these 10 dogs. Biopsies and necropsies of 6 dogs revealed chronic hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration (cirrhosis). One dog had hepatocellular carcinoma and mild cirrhosis. In 1 dog, after phenobarbital had been withheld, necropsy revealed complete recovery of the previously observed lesions.
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PMID:Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985-1989). 174 13

Overtraining may be one frequent cause of stagnation or decrease in performance capacity of athletes. Israel (19) differentiates between addisonoid (parasympathetic) and basedowoid (sympathetic) overtraining, characterized by inhibition or excitation. We tried to induce an overtraining syndrome in 8 experienced middle- and long-distance runners, based on an increase in training volume from an average 85.9 km (week 1) to 115.1 km (week 2) and 143.1 km (week 3) to 174.6 km per week (week 4). The influence of this training on cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal parameters was examined with special respect to plasma and urinary catecholamines. Laboratory testing including graded treadmill running was performed on the days 0, 14 and 28. Training was held six days each week, with nearly 30 km per day in the fourth week. A stagnation in endurance performance capacity (running velocity at the aerobic-anaerobic transition range) and a decrease in maximum working capacity were observed in 6 and a stagnation in 2 of the 8 sportsmen, indicated by a decrease in total running distance from 4719 + 912 m to 4361 + 788 m during incremental treadmill ergometry. The sportsmen could neither improve nor could they even approximately reach their personal records during the subsequent competitive season. Subjective complaints, classified on a four-point scale, increased from 1.2 (week 1) to 3.2 in week 4. Glucose, lactate, ammonia, glycerol, free fatty acids, albumin, LDL, VLDL cholesterol, hemoglobin level (transient), leukocytes, and heart rate (before and during exercise) decreased significantly. Urea, creatinine, uric acid, GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, serum electrolytes (except phosphate and calcium) remained constant at the measuring times, CPK was elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. 175 9

Eighteen healthy dogs were allotted to 3 groups (n = 6 dogs each). All dogs were evaluated at the beginning of the study by complete physical examination; total and differential WBC counts; serum biochemical analysis (alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and bilirubin and albumin concentrations); sulfobromophthalein excretion, ammonia tolerance, and glucagon response testing; portal and intraparenchymal pressure determinations; operative mesenteric portography; and histologic assessment of hepatic biopsy specimens. The left hepatic vein was ligated completely in dogs of groups 1 and 2. Group-3 (control) dogs had a ligature placed loosely around the left hepatic vein. Dogs of groups 1 and 3 were reevaluated 24 hours after surgery by use of the aforementioned hematologic and biochemical tests. Group-1 dogs were reevaluated by use of portal and intraparenchymal pressure determinations, jejunal vein portography, and complete necropsy at 48 hours after surgery. At 4 weeks after surgery, dogs of groups 2 and 3 were reevaluated by use of all aforementioned tests. Results indicated transient hepatic congestion, which resolved by the fourth postoperative week. Longstanding effect on hepatic structure, circulation, or function was not found. We concluded that left hepatic vein ligation in clinically normal dogs does not cause severe or permanent liver damage.
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PMID:Effect of left hepatic vein ligation on hepatic circulation, function, and microanatomy in dogs. 185 5

At sublethal concentrations, cypermethrin caused a decrease in total proteins and an increase in free amino acids, protease, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in liver, brain and gill tissues of Tilapia mossambica. Nitrogen metabolic profiles like ammonia, urea and glutamine were also elevated in all the tissues as a consequence of cypermethrin toxicity. Glutamate dehydrogenase, AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase activity was also increased in the present study.
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PMID:Cypermethrin induced changes in nitrogen metabolism of fish, Tilapia mossambica. 187 79

Changes in the protein metabolism of gill, kidney and intestine of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio exposed to 1, 15 and 30 days to sublethal concentration (0.1 mg/l) of mercury were studied. The total, soluble and structural protein contents recorded the depletion followed by progressive increase in accumulation of free aminoacids. Concurrently, the activity of protease in the tissues was also increased. A steady enhancement in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase paralleled the elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the organs studied. Levels of ammonia and urea have also reported elevation. All these changes clearly documented the induction of severe proteolysis. The magnitude of these changes increased overtime. These changes were more in the gill at the initial periods of exposure (1 and 15 days), but as the period of exposure increased, these changes were more pronounced in the kidney at 30 days of exposure to sublethal concentration of mercury.
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PMID:Shifts in protein metabolism in some organs of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio under mercury stress. 193 Feb 54

In vivo studies with L-[13N]glutamate in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma implanted under the renal capsule of female Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrate that uptake of glutamate and the rate of incorporation of the nitrogen label from this amino acid into metabolites is slower in the tumor than in nontumorous kidney tissue. Glutamate dehydrogenase, glutaminase, and alanine aminotransferase activities are significantly lower within the tumor than within the adjoining kidney. However, the tumor expresses high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, attesting to the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of glutamate. Indeed, high performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that the principal metabolic fate of label derived from L-[13N]glutamate in the tumor is incorporation into aspartate. Measurement of specific activity ratios of glutamate to aspartate shows that the transfer of nitrogen from glutamate to aspartate is rapid and that equilibration of label among components of the aspartate aminotransferase reaction is attained within minutes after tumor uptake. Analyses of the nontumorous portion of the implanted kidney also showed that aspartate is the major recipient of glutamate nitrogen. However, high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of deproteinized tissue revealed that glutamine and ammonia are also significant 13N-labeled metabolites formed from L-[13N]glutamate within the kidney. Proportionately lower amounts of these labeled metabolites were found in the tumor.
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PMID:Short-term metabolic fate of L-[13N]glutamate in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in vivo. 197 67

Twenty-eight patients with suspected Reye's syndrome (RS) were seen in our Department from 1974 through 1987. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnoses of RS and non-icteric fulminant hepatitis (NIFH) in 7 and 5 cases, respectively. NIFH was the most common RS mimicker. Total bilirubin, LDH and serum ammonia levels showed no significant differences between RS and NIFH. However, the levels of serum GOT and GPT were significantly higher in the NIFH group. Serum and urinary carnitine levels were measured in both groups, but the results were inconclusive. Amino acid analysis in one RS and two NIFH patients showed no significant differences in the ratio of branched chain to aromatic amino acids. However, one RS patient showed a high level of lysine. Histological findings in the liver of two NIFH patients showed minor mitochondrial swelling and microvesicular fat, but the major finding was hepatic necrosis. Our experience indicates that NIFH and RS cannot be differentiated by routine laboratory tests. Liver biopsy is essential for the accurate diagnosis of RS.
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PMID:Non-icteric fulminant hepatitis and Reye's syndrome: comparison of laboratory data. 228 22

Three common variants of soluble cytoplasmic L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), sALT 1, 2-1 and 2, were isolated from normal human liver, and characterized by electrophoretic and kinetic analyses. The isoelectric point of sALT 1 was pH 6.45. sALT 2-1 was focused into three bands with pl 6.1, 6.2 and 6.45; sALT was focused into one band with pl 6.1. The electrophoretic mobilities of sALTs altered to the fast beta-globulin fraction after aging or papain treatment. Ammonia was produced during the latter, and the altered migration was considered to be caused by deamidation of sALT. The relative molecular mass of each of the enzymes was 110,000. Minor differences in the apparent Km values among the multiple forms for both L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate were observed after incubation with 100 mumol/L of pyridoxal phosphate (PALP). PALP stimulation of the enzyme activities was also different. sALT 1 was more stable than sALT 2-1 and 2 after heat and urea treatments. In human sera from 1065 adult Japanese, sALT 2-1, a heterozygote form of sALT 1 and 2, was dominant.
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PMID:Electrophoretic and kinetic characterization of three variants of soluble cytoplasmic L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in human liver tissue. 237 27


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