Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to evaluate how well the development of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in vivo can be modeled in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, biochemical alterations were determined in liver samples from rats given CCl4 and in liver cells cultured for 18 hr then exposed to CCl4. Soluble thiol levels matched closely between tissue and hepatocytes (11 vs 12 micrograms-SH/mg protein) prior to exposure. Comparable concentrations of CCl4 were measured in blood (0.30 mM at 30 min) and in culture medium (0.49 mM at 5 min). Simultaneous inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump and stimulation of phosphorylase a activity occurred at early times in vivo (30 min) and in vitro (5 min). Glucose-6-phosphatase was inhibited next in liver (120 min) and in cells (20 min). 5'-Nucleotidase was not affected at any time points examined in either system. Leakage of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and depletion of glycogen were maximal at later times in vivo (greater than or equal to 8 hr) and in cells (30 min). Total calcium content was increased severalfold in liver tissue (24 hr), but was not elevated in hepatocytes. This lack of calcium accumulation in cells appeared to result from impaired mitochondrial calcium uptake. Thus CCl4-induced biochemical changes followed nearly the same continuum in both models, although the progression was much more rapid in vitro than in vivo.
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PMID:Biochemical evaluation of rat hepatocyte primary cultures as a model for carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: comparative studies in vivo and in vitro. 296 7

Serial physiological responses were examined for 150 min from captive collared peccaries during immobilization with ketamine hydrochloride. Rectal temperatures decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) during anesthesia. Serum concentrations of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and calcium declined significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first 45 min post-immobilization before stabilizing. Concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in sera showed similar but nonsignificant (P greater than 0.05) trends. Inorganic phosphorus and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.05) throughout the trial. Concentrations of serum glucose and glucocorticoid during the immobilization period were highly variable between individuals. Serum electrolytes, urea nitrogen, creatinine, gammaglutamyl transferase and progesterone were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) affected by immobilization. Elevations in serum testosterone were noted. Results indicated appropriate sampling times relative to immobilization for assay of particular serum biochemicals and steroid hormones during investigations of the physiology of the collared peccary.
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PMID:Endocrine and metabolic responses of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) to immobilization with ketamine hydrochloride. 300 72

Extensive hepatic necrosis was produced in rabbits 48 hr following infusion of a cardiopathogenic dose of norepinephrine (NE, 2 micrograms/kg/min for 90 min). Livers had necrotic areas of varying sizes and gross appearances. Histologically, the lesions were areas of varying sizes and gross appearances. Histologically, the lesions were areas of lytic-coagulative necrosis with massive mineralization by calcium. In addition, the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) was significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker prazosin (200 micrograms/kg) 15 min prior to the standard NE infusion prevented both liver necrosis and serum GPT elevation. It is concluded that large doses of NE produce tissue injury in the liver. This may be the result of excessive activation of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor system, which leads to hepatic ischemia and necrosis.
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PMID:Hepatic necrosis induced by norepinephrine in rabbits. 303 19

A double blind clinical trial was performed as a multicenter study to determine the usefulness of terodiline hydrochloride (HCl), an anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic agent, for urinary frequency or sense of residual urine in patients with psychogenic diseases, chronic prostatitis or chronic cystitis. Either 24 mg of terodiline HCl a day or 600 mg of flavoxate HCl a day was given for 4 weeks. One hundred and ninety-nine patients completed the test. The final global improvement rating was 70% in patients given terodiline HCl and 48% in patients given flavoxate HCl. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Diurnal and nocturnal urinary frequency and urinary incontinence were less in patients given terodiline HCl than in patients given flavoxate HCl (p less than 0.01). No difference was noted between the two agents in relieving sense of residual urine. Compared with the control period, the average urinary frequency decreased 2.0 times a day in patients given terodiline HCl and 0.7 times in patients given flavoxate HCl. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Adverse effects were observed in 12% of the patients given terodiline HCl and in 16% of the patients given flavoxate HCl. They included thirst, difficult urination, constipation, slight increase of serum GOT, GPT or alkaline phosphatase, and so forth. They disappeared with discontinued use of the agent. The global utility rating was 68% in patients given terodiline HCl and 45% in patients given flavoxate HCl, the difference being significant (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that terodiline HCl is useful for the treatment of urinary symptoms in patients with psychogenic diseases, chronic prostatitis or chronic cystitis.
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PMID:[Clinical effects of terodiline hydrochloride on urinary frequency and sense of residual urine--a double blind clinical trial using flavoxate hydrochloride as a control]. 304 85

Examinations were performed of 31 fattened pigs suffering from papular dermatitis (PD) and 33 fattened pigs without dermal changes (C) coming from the D. large pig-fattening farm and the production breeding herd of pigs. The weight of the pigs was from 95 to 105 kg. Both farms are sited in a mining area (intensive lignite extraction). The PD pigs, compared with the controls (C), had less total protein, cholesterol and calcium in their blood serum and increased concentrations of thyroxine (T4), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), vitamins A and E, inorganic phosphorus and potassium, and the higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. The PD pigs also had an increased leucocyte count in blood. In their peripheral lymphocytes the PD pigs had a significantly higher number of aberrant cells, 3.9 times higher number of chromosome breaks, slightly increased rate of sister chromatid exchanges, but half the number of chromosome exchanges of the C pigs. No differences between PD pigs and the controls were recorded in the response of the T-lymphocytes of peripheral blood to non-specific phytohaemagglutinin stimulation; neither were there any substantial differences in the concentration of serum immunoglobulins of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes. The PD and C pigs of both herds (the D. and M. farms) had low concentrations of all three serum immunoglobulins. The higher occurrence of PD in the D. herd, compared with the M. farm, is associated with a greater reduction of serum immunoglobulins (IgM by 38%, IgA by 25%, IgG by 15%).
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PMID:[Biochemical, hematologic, immunologic and cytogenetic study of papillary dermatitis in fattened pigs]. 309 11

We report the biochemical results in 90 women presenting to an eating disorders clinic: 61 who had bulimia, 22 with anorexia nervosa and seven unclassified. The results were compared with 30 control women. The group of women with an eating disorder had significantly higher concentrations of total CO2, calcium, AST, ALT, ALP, albumin and cholesterol and significantly lower concentrations of potassium, chloride and phosphate in the plasma. The elevated calcium could be accounted for in part by an increase in total CO2 and an increase in albumin. Hypokalaemia was strongly associated with self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse. Biochemical abnormalities occurred in both forms of eating disorders; however, hypercholesterolaemia was more common in anorexia nervosa and abnormal liver enzymes were more common in bulimia.
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PMID:Biochemical abnormalities in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. 310 18

Isolated perfused livers from fasted rats were subjected to 30 min of hypoxia followed by 60 min of reoxygenation. At a calcium concentration of 1.25 mmol/l in the perfusate, hypoxia induced injury as evidenced by a marked release of GPT and SDH into the perfusate and by an accumulation of calcium in the livers. Omission of calcium from the perfusate attenuated hypoxia-induced enzyme release by about 50% and prevented the increase of hepatic calcium completely. A complete protection of the liver against hypoxic injury was attained in the absence of calcium when Na2 EDTA was added. An influx of calcium from the extracellular to the intracellular fluid seems to be involved in but is not the sole cause of hypoxia-induced hepatic injury.
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PMID:The involvement of extracellular calcium in hypoxic injury to the isolated rat liver. 314 97

The effects of protein supply and 1-carnitine were recorded in a group of junior elite cyclists by a prospective double blind placebo controlled trial for six weeks (Refit milk powder containing about 90% proteins and 5% mineral salts-Ca, P, K, Na and 1-carnitine tablets). Seven top junior cyclists received orally 1 g protein/kg.d as supplement of food for six weeks and 2 g 1-carnitine, also orally, per day, 10 days before an important competition; other 7 cyclists received the same regimen as placebo. Significant and favourable changes were recorded in the treated group for the strength index, lean body mass, fat mass, TWP (total work-kgm, performed on cycloergometer 1', serum proteins, serum Hb, serum calcium) changes which did not appear in the control group. Serum cholesterol, creatinine, thymol test and serum GPT did not change significantly in either group. All athletes were under medical supervision, had a controlled training programme and food and received daily only vitamins and mineral salts. The treated group supported better the stress-induced efforts and obtained higher performances in the international competition which took place at the end of the experiment. Based on these data the authors recommend a supply of protein ratio up to 3.2 g/kg.d, six weeks before competition and 2 g 1-carnitine daily, also orally, 10 to 14 days before competition, including the day of competition, for cyclists, in order to improve the biological potential of the body.
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PMID:Studies concerning the ergogenic value of protein supply and 1-carnitine in elite junior cyclists. 314 9

Phenobarbitone pretreatment potentiated hepatocyte lesions in male rats 24 hr after treatment with 1-fluoropentane (3.5 mg/kg body weight) and 1-fluorohexane (0.17 mg/kg body weight). Serum levels of the enzymes ornithine carbamyltransferase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were significantly elevated by the test compounds with the peak effect occurring 24-72 hr after a single ip administration. Significant elevation of hepatocyte triglyceride content and mitochondrial calcium and citrate levels were demonstrated 24 and 48 hr after a single ip injection of 1-fluoropentane or 1-fluorohexane, respectively.
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PMID:A comparative study of the hepatotoxicity of 1-fluoropentane and 1-fluorohexane. 319 37

Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of postischemic liver injury. High-dose superoxide dismutase (SOD), a radical scavenging enzyme, has been investigated in a rat model of liver ischemia reperfusion by biochemical monitoring. Blood vessels to the median and left lobe were clamped for 1 h and then reperfusion was allowed. The indices used were serial venous blood levels of AST, ALT, calcium, and ATP determination in liver tissue. In SOD-treated animals (7,5000 U i.v.) a significant attenuation of the rise in enzyme levels was observed as well as the absence of the decrease in calcium level in the early phase after reperfusion as compared with control rats, and furthermore ATP restoration was significantly increased.
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PMID:Effect of superoxide dismutase on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat: a biochemical monitoring. 322 31


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