Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metallothionein (MT) is a small sulfydryl-rich protein that binds to and is inducible by heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, zinc, and copper. However, little is known about the induction of MT by trivalent metals except for bismuth. In this study, we examined the induction of MT synthesis by cerium, a trivalent lanthanoid metal. Administration of cerium chloride (CeCl3) to mice resulted in accumulation of cerium and induction of MT in the liver in a dose-dependent manner. Distribution profiles of metals in the soluble fraction of the liver of CeCl3-treated mice analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled argon plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS) demonstrated that the metal bound to MT-I and MT-II was zinc, but not cerium. Administration of CeCl3 caused increases in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute phase protein. Among inflammatory cytokines examined, interleukin 6 (IL-6) exhibited a marked increase in the serum at 3 h after the CeCl3 administration. In order to evaluate the involvement of IL-6 in the induction of MT by cerium, we examined MT induction by CeCl3 in IL-6 null mice. Both the induction of hepatic MT and the increases in SAA levels were markedly suppressed in IL-6 null mice. These results suggest that IL-6 plays an important role in the induction of hepatic MT by cerium.
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PMID:Induction of hepatic metallothionein by trivalent cerium: role of interleukin 6. 1620 35

This study was designed to determine the toxic effects of nickel sulfate on the biochemical and elemental profile of liver in protein deficient rats. Nickel sulfate in the dose of 800mg/l in drinking water was administrated to Sprauge Dawley (S.D) normal control as well as protein deficient rats for a total duration of eight weeks. The effects of nickel treatment and protein deficiency when given separately and in combination were studied on rat liver marker enzymes like Alkaline phosphatase (ALP),Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and also on the status of essential elements in rat liver. Protein deficient, Ni treated as well as combined protein deficient and nickel treated rats showed significant reductions in the body weight and hepatic protein contents as compared to normal control rats. Hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity and alanine aminotransferase showed a significant elevation in rats subjected to protein deficiency, nickel treatment and combined protein deficiency and nickel treatment. As regards to hepatic levels of aspartate aminotransferase a significant elevation was observed in protein deficient and nickel treated protein deficient animals. Nickel administration to normal and protein deficient rats has resulted in a significant increase in concentrations of nickel, phosphorus and sulfur in liver tissue. The concentration of zinc and copper in liver tissue decreased significantly in protein deficient, nickel treated and nickel treated protein deficient animals. Tissue iron concentrations were found to be decreased in protein deficient animals, but the concentrations of iron got elevated significantly in nickel treated and nickel treated protein deficient animals. It has been observed that selenium got decreased significantly in protein deficient, nickel treated and nickel treated protein deficient animals when compared to normal animals. The elevation of selenium in nickel treated protein deficient animals was also significantly higher when compared to protein deficient animals.
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PMID:Ineffectiveness of nickel in augmenting the hepatotoxicity in protein deficient rats. 1633 21

An 8-year-old boy was referred to our hospital because of learning disabilities. His general cognitive functions were below the level for age, and he was diagnosed with dysphasia. The boy was transferred to a special class for children with learning problems. Three months later he was again referred to us because of acute epigastric pain. The only abnormal laboratory finding was a slightly elevated level of alanine aminotransferase. Although the symptoms disappeared in a few days, the transaminase levels remained above normal for the next 6 months. Further diagnostic work-up revealed low serum ceruloplasmin concentration and high 24-h urinary copper excretion. The hepatic copper concentration in liver biopsy was high (2900 microg/g dry weight), confirming the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Brain MRI showed slight changes in white matter. The patient's asymptomatic sister was also diagnosed with Wilson's disease. Both siblings started penicillamine therapy and a copper-restricted diet. The copper content of the household water was found to be above average and a new plumbing system was installed. After 1 year from the initiation of the therapy, the transaminase concentrations normalized and both siblings were free of symptoms. After 2 years of therapy the patient was able to return to normal school. Wilson's disease must be borne in mind, when children are evaluated because of poor school performance, especially if they complain of abdominal symptoms.
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PMID:Poor cognitive development and abdominal pain: Wilson's disease. 1649 28

The present study reports the seasonal and physiological variations of copper, zinc, magnesium, iron, sodium chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine (CR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol, albumin, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total protein concentrations in cattle. Two groups of mated (n = 14) and nonmated (n = 10) healthy cows were selected for the study. Serum samples were collected at each of four periods: (1) early pregnancy (May), (2) midpregnancy (August), (3) late pregnancy (October), and (4) lactation (February). Physiological variations result in changes of cholesterol, calcium, LDH, and total protein concentrations. Phosphorus varies only with seasonal but not physiological changes, whereas ALP, copper, magnesium, and potassium concentrations change with physiological and seasonal conditions. The copper concentration is increased through the pregnancy. Neither the seasonal nor the physiologic variations affect zinc, iron, sodium, chlorine, calcium, urea, creatinine, albumin, and globulin values in both groups in all periods. Thus, these values can be used as reference for both mated and nonmated bovines. The measured total protein might not reflect its true value because of dehydration during the hot season. These observations suggest that seasonal and physiologic variations have to be taken into consideration for the correct interpretation of serum chemistry and elements status in cattle. Nutritional supplements are required for cattle during certain periods to avoid a decline of their performance, which would then represent consequent economic loses.
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PMID:Seasonal and physiological variations in serum chemistry and mineral concentrations in cattle. 1663 94

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 27519 was chosen as indicator of aquacultural pathogenic bacteria to determine the antibacterial activity and mechanism of copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) in vitro. The results indicated that montmorillonite (MMT) had no antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Cu-MMT on Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 75 and 300 mg/L, respectively. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of bacteria were examined and the results showed treatment with Cu-MMT could lead to significant release of intracellular enzymes from the tested bacteria suggesting that the permeability of the cell membrane increased and bacteria suffered injury. Three typical inhibitors (malonic acid, iodine acetic acid and phosphate sodium) were used to further study the inhibitory pathways of respiratory metabolism. Cu-MMT effectively inhibited respiratory metabolism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with the respiratory inhibition percent (I(R)) of 31.8%. The respiratory superposing inhibition percent after addition of phosphate sodium, iodine acetic acid and malonic acid was 48.6%, 27.8% and 17.5%, respectively. These results indicated that the effect of malonic acid on superposing inhibition percent of Cu-MMT for bacteria is the lowest; thus, the synergic action between Cu-MMT and malonic acid is the weakest, indicating that they inhibited the same pathway of respiratory metabolism, i.e. the TCA pathway, which is the most important pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. The atomic force microscope image of Vibrio parahaemolyticus exposed to Cu-MMT showed that Cu-MMT could rupture the bacterial cell membrane.
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PMID:[Study on the antibacterial mechanisms of copper-bearing montmorillonite]. 1693 15

This study summarizes the clinical and pathologic findings in 15 Labrador Retrievers with copper-associated chronic hepatitis (CACH). Our hypothesis was that this form of hepatitis is caused by a defect in hepatic copper metabolism, which most likely originates from a genetic defect. Affected Labradors consisted of 11 female and 4 male Labrador Retrievers. Eight family members of 2 of these patients were examined prospectively, as were 6 unrelated healthy Labrador Retrievers. All dogs were registered at the breed club. The average age at clinical presentation was 7 years (range, 2.5-10.5 years). All dogs were presented for anorexia, which was associated with vomiting in 8 patients. The diagnosis of CACH was based on histologic examination of liver biopsy specimens in all dogs, including semiquantitation of copper. A disproportionate increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity relative to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as the centrolobular localization of copper and the association of copper accumulation with hepatic lesions, suggested a primary copper storage disease rather than primary cholestatic liver disease causing copper accumulation. Mean hepatic copper concentration measured in related Labradors was 1,317 microg/g dry weight liver (range, 402-2,576 microg/g). Mean hepatic copper concentration of unrelated normal Labradors was 233 microg/g dry weight liver (range, 120-304 microg/g). Our findings support the hypothesis that a hereditary form of hepatitis occurs in Labrador retrievers and is caused by a defect in hepatic copper metabolism.
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PMID:Copper-associated chronic hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. 1695 9

The beneficial influence of dietary curcumin, capsaicin and their combination on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation was examined in an animal study. Individually, both dietary curcumin and capsaicin significantly inhibited the in vivo iron-induced LDL oxidation, as well as copper-induced oxidation of LDL in vitro. The protective effect of the combination of curcumin and capsaicin on LDL oxidation was greater than that of individual compounds. This protective influence of spice principles was also indicated by the relative anodic electrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL on agarose gel. In another study, rats injected with iron showed hepatic toxicity as measured by an increase in lipid peroxides and elevated serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Dietary curcumin, capsaicin and their combination reduced the activities of these enzymes, and lowered the liver lipid peroxide level, indicating amelioration of the severity of iron-induced hepatotoxicity. In yet another study, a comparison of the extent of carrageenan-induced paw inflammation showed that both dietary curcumin and capsaicin moderately lowered inflammation, while the spice principles in combination were more effective. Dietary curcumin and capsaicin significantly decreased the activity of 5'-lipoxygenase activity in the polymorphonuclear lymphocytes in carrageenan-injected rats, the decrease being even higher in the case of combination of these two spice principles. Results suggest that dietary curcumin and capsaicin individually are protective to LDL oxidation both in vivo and in vitro, to iron-induced hepatotoxicity and to carrageenan-induced inflammation. This beneficial effect was higher when the two compounds were fed in combination.
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PMID:Protective effect of dietary curcumin and capsaicin on induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, iron-induced hepatotoxicity and carrageenan-induced inflammation in experimental rats. 1695 63

Copper is one of the major metals causing environmental contamination. Previous studies showed that copper induced toxic effects in isolated perfused rat liver models and these effects were associated with lipid peroxidation. Here we investigated whether effects of copper (at concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mM of Cu(2+) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer perfusing the isolated rat liver for 60 min), were associated with biliary epithelial cell injury, as well as protein oxidation and oxidative DNA damage. The highest concentration of copper in perfusate (0.1 mM) did not allow complete evaluation of all parameters because it blocked portal flow within 30 min of perfusion, indicating severe microcirculatory disturbances. Further, copper decreased secretion of bile and it increased lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase leakage into perfusate as well as liver weight in a dose-dependent manner. Biliary gamma-glutamyltransferase, an index of biliary epithelial cell integrity increased similarly at 0.01 and 0.03 mM copper concentrations in perfusate. Compared to controls, 0.01 and 0.03 mM concentrations of copper increased the amount of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, a marker of lipid peroxidation, tissue protein carbonyl groups, an index of protein oxidation, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage. The results suggest that toxic effects of copper in the isolated perfused rat liver may involve biliary epithelial cells and they are associated with lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and oxidative DNA damage.
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PMID:Copper impairs biliary epithelial cells and induces protein oxidation and oxidative DNA damage in the isolated perfused rat liver. 1712 46

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary arsenic (As) levels on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and the retention of iron, copper, and zinc in tissues of growing and finishing pigs. Ninety-six crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments. The corn-soybean basal diets were supplemented with 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg As/kg. Arsenic trioxide was used as the arsenic source. The feeding experiment lasted for 78 d. The results showed that the high arsenic diet decreased average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and increased feed gain ratio (F/G) (p<0.05). Arsenic intake significantly increased (p<0.05) serum gamma-gultamyltransferase (GGT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and decreased (p<0.05) total protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and triglycerides. Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activity, albumin, and cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05). Arsenic feeding elevated (p<0.05) liver and kidney copper concentration, but reduced (p<0.05) copper concentration in heart, bile, and lymphaden of intestine mesentery. There were increases in iron levels in liver, bile, spleen, thymus, and pancreas in pigs fed the high As diets (p<0.05), but iron contents in kidney, heart, and serum were decreased by the arsenic treatment (p<0.05). Zinc concentrations were increased (p<0.05) in liver, kidney, and thymus of pigs with arsenic treatment, but decreased (p<0.05) in bile and lymphaden of intestine mesentery. This study suggested that high dietary As levels could alter serum biochemical parameters and the retention of copper, iron, and zinc in the viscera of growing and finishing pigs.
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PMID:Effects of dietary arsenic levels on serum parameters and trace mineral retentions in growing and finishing pigs. 1719 18

The aims of this study were to prepare Cu(2+)-loaded montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) and investigate its bactericidal activity and mechanism. Cu-MMT was prepared by the method of ion exchange reaction. The structure and surface characteristic of Cu-MMT were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Cu-MMT against the strain of Escherichia coli were determined. The activities of intracellular enzyme in bacterial solution were measured, and the morphology of E. coli was observed during the interaction between Cu-MMT and bacteria. The results showed that treatment with Cu2+ increased cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite, but specific surface area and surface negative charge density were decreased. The MIC and MBC of Cu-MMT against the tested E. coli were 0.16 and 0.64 mg x m(L(-1), respectively. Cu-MMT could destroy bacterial cellular membrane and then resulted in leakage of intracellular enzymes such as asparate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase. These suggest that Cu-MMT has a strong bactericidal activity. The bactericidal mechanism of Cu-MMT may be that bacteria are adsorbed by Cu-MMT, and then morphology and permeability of cellular membrane are changed. This leads to an efflux of intracellular contents and the death of bacteria.
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PMID:[Preparation of Cu(2+)-loaded montmorillonite and its bactericidal mechanism against Escherichia coli]. 1752 Aug 34


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