Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Plasma calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium and potassium concentrations, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase activities were determined in young and adult non-pregnant non-lactating, early and late non-lactating pregnant and early, mid- and late non-pregnant lactating Danish landrace goats in five herds. The purpose was to determine the influence of pregnancy and lactation on the levels of these parameters and the effect of age and parity on the changes. 2. Calcium, phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase decreased in late gestation. Magnesium and creatine kinase decreased in early lactating goats but increased in subsequent lactation periods. Sodium and potassium fluctuated little during pregnancy and lactation. Calcium, magnesium and potassium profiles were inversely, while phosphorus was directly, proportional to parity. 3. There were significant differences in most ions and enzymes between goats of different herds (within the same physiological state). 4. The transferases and creatine kinase were higher in young goats than in old ones, while alkaline phosphatase was unpredictably high or low in individual goats. 5. Alterations in the level of plasma electrolytes and enzyme activities occur due to pregnancy and lactation and the degree depends on age and parity, influenced also by environment.
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PMID:Influence of pregnancy, lactation and environment on some clinical chemical reference values in Danish landrace dairy goats (Capra hircus) of different parity--I. Electrolytes and enzymes. 179 83

Bass gill microsomal preparations contain a Mg2+-dependent Na+-stimulated ATPase activity in the absence of K+, whose characteristics are compared with those of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of the same preparations. The activity at 30 degrees C is 11.3 mumol Pi X mg-1 protein X hr-1 under optimal conditions (5 mM MgATP, 75 mM Na+, 75 mM HEPES, pH 6.0) and exhibits a lower pH optimum than the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The Na+ stimulation of ATPase is only 17% inhibited by 10-3M ouabain and completely abolished by 2.5 mM ethacrinic acid which on the contrary cause, respectively, 100% and 34% inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Both Na+-and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated activities can hydrolyze nucleotides other than ATP in the efficiency order ATP greater than CTP greater than UTP greater than GTP and ATP greater than CTP greater than GPT greater than UTP, respectively. In the presence of 10(-3)M ouabain millimolar concentrations of K+ ion lower the Na+ activation (90% inhibition at 40 mM K+). The Na+-ATPase is less sensitive than (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to the Ca2+ induced inhibition as the former is only 57.5% inhibited by a concentration of 1 X 10(-2)M which completely suppresses the latter. The thermosensitivity follows the order Mg2+--greater than (Na+ + K+)--greater than Na+-ATPase. A similar break of the Arrhenius plot of the three enzymes is found. Only some of these characteristics do coincide with those of a Na+-ATPase described elsewhere. A presumptive physiological role of Na+-ATPase activity in seawater adapted teleost gills is suggested.
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PMID:Ouabain-insensitive Na+ stimulation of a microsomal Mg2+ -ATPase in gills of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). 285 46

The RS-isomers of beta-mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate, beta-methylmercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate and beta-methylmercapto-alpha-hydroxyglutarate have been synthesized. Beta-Mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate was a potent inhibitor, competitive with isocitrate and noncompetitive with NADP+, of the mitochondrial NADP-specific isozyme from pig heart (Ki = 5 nM; Km (DL-isocitrate)/Ki(RS-beta-mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate) = 650) and pig liver, the cytosolic isozyme from pig liver (I0.5 = 23 nM), and the NADP-linked enzymes from yeast (Ki = 58 nM) and Escherichia coli (Ki = 58 nM) at pH 7.4 and with Mg2+ as activator. beta-Mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate was also an effective inhibitor of NADP-isocitrate-dehydrogenase activity in intact liver mitochondria. beta-Mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate was a much less potent inhibitor for heart NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase (Ki = 520 nM) than for the NADP-specific enzyme. beta-Methylmercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate (I0.5 = 10 microM) was a much less effective inhibitor than the beta-mercapto derivative for heart NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. The beta-sulfur substituted alpha-ketoglutarates were substrates for the oxidation of NADPH by heart NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase without requiring CO2. beta-Methylmercapto-alpha-hydroxyglutarate, the expected product of reduction of beta-methylmercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate, did not cause reduction of NADP+ but it was an inhibitor competitive with isocitrate for NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. The beta-sulfur substituted alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives were alternate substrates for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of heart aspartate aminotransferase but had no effect on glutamate dehydrogenase or alanine aminotransferase.
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PMID:beta-Sulfur substituted alpha-ketoglutarates as inhibitors and alternate substrates for isocitrate dehydrogenases and certain other enzymes. 394 94

We examined sera from 159 patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension and from 50 apparently healthy control subjects for content of trace elements, cholesterol, triglyceride, and enzymes. Concentrations of copper, cobalt, cholesterol, and triglyceride were increased in all patients, but calcium was decreased in patients with hypertension, acute myocardial ischemia, and acute myocardial infarction. Also accompanying acute myocardial infarction were decreased concentrations of zinc and iron but increases in nickel, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Magnesium concentration was lower in patients with acute myocardial ischemia. In acute myocardial infarction, the concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron were higher after 21-30 h (as compared with the values at 0-10 h), by which time concentrations of calcium, magnesium, cobalt, and alanine aminotransferase had decreased. The variation in concentration of trace elements in serum from cases of ischemic heart disease and hypertension corresponds to the severity of the disorder.
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PMID:Trace elements in serum from Pakistani patients with acute and chronic ischemic heart disease and hypertension. 671 25

To study the relationship between the dynamic actin web and bile secretion, we developed an acute model of cholestasis, using phalloidin, and examined sequential morphologic and biochemical events in rat liver. Biliary function (bite flow, bile, and canalicular membrane components) and cellular integrity (release of hepatic enzymes in serum and bile, canalicular structure, and microfilaments distribution) in rats given a single iv dose of phalloidin (0.8 mg/kg body weight) were assessed at 15, 45, and 90 min, 24 hr, and 5 days postinjection. Bile flow decreased significantly at 45 and 90 min, but cholestasis was transient since bile secretion returned to control levels at 24 hr. The biliary bile acid secretion rate was not modified during the same time period, indicating that cholestasis may have been due to impairment of the bile acid independent component of bile flow. Serum alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as biliary alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase-1 activities were not altered by phalloidin treatment. These data, coupled with morphologic studies, provide no evidence of cell damage. Electron microscopy revealed that the pericanalicular actin web in both centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes was increased at 90 min and further enlarged at 24 hr and 5 days after phalloidin injection. At all time periods, the canalicular structure was well preserved. Na+K+ -ATPase and Mg2+ -ATPase activities in membrane fractions enriched in bile canalicular complexes decreased significantly at 15 min and remained low up to Day 5. Mg2+ -ATPase activity returned to control levels by Day 5. The lipid constituents of liver cell membranes enriched in canalicular complexes showed no significant variations 90 min after toxin treatment but, at 24 hr, phospholipid content rose and membrane fluidity increased. These results clearly indicate that the bile flow variation after a single low dose of phalloidin can be dissociated from specific pericanalicular microfilament distribution, lending further support to the view that normal biliary function is not strictly dependent on the integrity of the actin filament network.
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PMID:Structural and functional alterations of hepatocytes during transient phalloidin-induced cholestasis in the rat. 860 35

The results of hematologic, biochemical research and research of clotting system after intraperitoneal implantation of absorbed synthetic threads Dexon S are presented in this work. The research was made on rats of Wistar type. Blood for the research was taken 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days after the implantation. Morphology (Ht, Hb, MCH, WBC, the number of platelets), activity of aspartic and alanine aminotransferase and antithrombin activity, concentration of comolete protein and its fraction and concentration of glucose, urea, creatinine and also concentration of ions Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and fibrinogen, protein C3 and C4 of complement system as well as kaolin-kephalin time and prothrombin time of plasma were marked. On the basis of the obtained results of the research it was noticed that the used methods of research constitute supplement of biological estimation of absorbed grafting materials.
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PMID:[Usefulness of selected parameters from the diagnostic laboratory for evaluating absorbed grafting materials]. 912 61

Whole-body hyperthermia is currently under investigation as a method to treat systemic malignancies; however, available techniques induce a derangement in serum and urine chemistries. This study was done to determine whether veno-venous perfusion induced hyperthermia (vv-PISH) that incorporated a parallel dialysis system to control blood chemistries would eliminate these heat induced derangements. Adult female Yorkshire swine were divided into perfusion only (group P, n = 6, 62.8 +/- 2.5 kg), and perfusion with dialysis (group PD, n = 6, 63.8 +/- 4.3 kg). In both groups, hyperthermia was induced with a computer assisted jugular-to-femoral venovenous heat exchange/perfusion system primed with a balanced electrolyte solution, operating at 30 ml/min-1/kg-1, which used a thermal gradient induced by blood heated to a maximum of 48 degrees C and a perfusate-to-blood temperature gradient < 10 degrees C during heating. The target core temperature was 43 degrees C for 120 min as measured by the average of the rectal, bladder, esophageal, bilateral tympanic, and pulmonary artery temperatures. Including ramp-up and cool down, the total perfusion interval was 263 +/- 29 min in group P and 240 +/- 18 min in group PD (ns). Serum and urine chemistry values expressed as the mean value +/- SEM were compared before and after hyperthermia treatment. Variables include blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), plasma free hemoglobin, urine specific gravity, pH and urine creatinine. All variables remained within normal ranges for the PD group. In the P group, the following final values were outside the normal range: (normal range) creatinine 2.1 +/- 1 (0.4-1.4) mg/dl, Ca2+ 5.1 +/- 1 (6-13) mg/dl, Mg2+ .8 +/- 0.1 (1.2-10) mg/dl, ALKP 134 +/- 6 (34-122) U/L, ALT 69 +/- 3 (9-51) U/L, and LDH 1291 +/- 237 (300-600) U/L. We conclude that the significant changes in serum and urine chemistries associated with vv-PISH are normalized with the use of a parallel dialysis system and may decrease the incidence of electrolyte associated complications.
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PMID:Parallel dialysis normalizes serum chemistries during venovenous perfusion induced hyperthermia. 936 Jan 58

Laboratory rats were exposed to the inhalation of dust from an agglomeration unit which is the greatest contributor to dust pollution in the vicinity of a mercury producing plant. The exposure lasted for 6 months (4 hours daily, 5 days per week), the concentration of aerosol in the chamber was 10 mg x m(-3). After finishing the exposure, the animals were examined and compared with the controls which were held under standard laboratory conditions. The number of alveolar macrophages was highly elevated (P< 0.001) in the exposed animals, Mg2+ ATPase activity in the heart muscle was decreased. The alanine aminotransferase activity in the serum was not changed, the aspartate aminotransferase was slightly enhanced. No differences in the frequency of abnormal sperm and in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow were detected.
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PMID:The chamber exposure of laboratory rats to metal oxides originating from metal producing industry. 972 20

DHC-1, a multiherbal formulation, was tested for its antioxidant activity in rats. DHC-1 was investigated at dose levels of 100 mg/kg, p.o. and 200 mg/kg, p.o., once daily, for 30 days in normal rats. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, membrane bound enzymes like Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, Na+K+ ATPase, lipids like phospholipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and total proteins were estimated in liver, kidneys and heart. Liver glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-P-D) was also determined. The serum levels of GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin were also estimated. The decrease in the serum enzymes may be due to the membrane stabilising action of DHC-1. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) along with reduced GSH by DHC-1 may be attributed to the antioxidant potential of various ingredients present in the formulation. Thus, it can be concluded that DHC-1 exhibits an antioxidant activity and could prove beneficial in the treatment of various disorders associated with the involvement of reactive oxygen species.
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PMID:Antioxidant activity of DHC-1--a herbal formulation. 1526 74

The present study was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of lipoic acid in preventing the renal damage induced by cyclosporine A in rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows. Two groups received cyclosporine A by oral gavage (25 mg/kg/body weight) for 21 days to induce nephrotoxicity, one of which simultaneously received lipoic acid treatment (20 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. A vehicle (olive oil) and a lipoic acid drug control were also included. Cyclosporine A induced renal damage was evident from the decreased activities of tissue marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) and decreased activities of ATPases (Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+ ATPase). An apparent increase in the levels of serum constituents (urea, uric acid and creatinine) and urinary marker enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin-D and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) along with significant decline in creatinine clearance were seen in the cyclosporine treated rats, which was reversed upon treatment with lipoic acid. Ultrastructural observations were also in agreement with the above abnormal changes. Lipoic acid effectively reverted these abnormal biochemical changes and minimized the morphological lesions in renal tissue. Hence, this study clearly exemplifies that lipoic acid might be an ideal choice against cyclosporine A induced cellular abnormalities.
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PMID:Therapeutic efficacy of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on cyclosporine A induced renal alterations. 1761 14


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