Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this paper is to elucidate the cause of death after 90 min of normothermic partial (2/3) ischemia of the liver and to examine the effects of glucagon, somatostatin, insulin, prednisolone and oral administration of polymyxin B (PB). The animals 24 hr after partial ischemia for 90 min were divided into two groups; namely, animals with normal appearance and those with moribund state. There were no significant differences in the plasma level of S-GOT, S-GPT, amino acids, NH3 or insulin, or in morphometrically estimated volume ratio of necrotic hepatocytes between the two groups of rats. The blood glucose level, however, was significantly decreased (31 +/- 28 mg/100 ml, n = 6) in the moribund rats with a higher incidence of positive Limulus gelation tests as compared with the rats with normal appearance (149 +/- 19, n = 5). The 1-day and 1-week survival rates of the animals were 42/62 (69%) and 32/61 (53%), respectively. A glucagon injection (1.5 mg/kg, after ischemia) was effective to elevate the 1-day survival rate (14/14), but failed to increase the 1-week survival rate (11/14). On the other hand, a somatostatin injection (100 micrograms/kg, after ischemia) or PB treatment (15 mg/kg/day x 5-9, before ischemia) succeeded to increase the 1-week survival rate (20/22 p less than 0.01 and 17/17 p less than 0.01, respectively), although no significant amelioration in transaminase levels or volume ratio of necrosis was demonstrated. It could be seen that a moribund state after partial ischemia was accompanied by severe hypoglycemic shock, and that the injection of somatostatin after ischemia or the annihilation of gram-negative bacteria by means of oral administration of polymyxin B before ischemia prevented the occurrence of the hypoglycemic shock.
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PMID:Postischemic liver damage in rats: effect of some therapeutic interventions on survival rate. 629 17

The present study investigated the effects of mazindol on the metabolic abnormalities of ventromedial hypothalamic-lesioned (VMH) rats. About 200 g female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into VMH and sham-operated rats. Two weeks later the feeding of a mazindol-containing diet (50 mg/kg) was started in half of each group. Eight weeks after mazindol treatment, rats were sacrificed, and various parameters were determined. Food intake was measured between the 4th and 5th week. In VMH-lesioned rats, mazindol decreased food intake remarkably and restored body weight, Lee Index, organ weights (liver, parametrial fat pad and lung), serum insulin, serum lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and free fatty acids), serum GOT GPT, total lipid in the liver and findings of liver history to normal. Mazindol did not change these parameters, except for serum triglyceride, in sham-operated rats and had no effect on food intake. The results suggested that normalization of these abnormalities in VMH-lesioned rats depends mainly on the reduction of food intake due to overresponse to mazindol by VMH lesions.
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PMID:[Effects of an anorexiant, mazindol, on metabolic abnormalities of rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions]. 646 33

The animals examined were 30 sows after eleven or more farrowings (pluriparous sows) and 26 primiparous sows. The pluriparous animals were 75.1 months old on the average and had farrowed an average of 13.23 litters. The mean age of the primiparous sows was 12.8 months. The blood sera of pluriparous sows had higher concentrations of total protein and urea and lower levels of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS) and lower aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities than those of primiparous sows. The pluriparous sows showed mild hypoglycaemia and hypocholesterolaemia. When insulin was injected i.m. in the dose of 1 I.U. per kg body mass, a decrease in blood serum glucose, total protein and potassium levels was recorded 60 min later in both pluriparous and primiparous sows; a significant rise in 11-OHCS concentration occurred only in the primiparous sows. It was concluded that the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in pluriparous sows to an insulin load is reduced. Studies of pluriparous sows contribute to a better understanding of the ontogenetic development of pigs throughout their postnatal development.
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PMID:Biochemical changes in sows after eleven or more farrowings. 670 30

Nine different liver function tests (LFT) were assessed in 175 unselected diabetic outpatients stabilized on diet, insulin, or oral hypoglycemic drugs. In another group of 72 diabetic inpatients having diagnostic liver biopsy, relationships between LFT and histologic changes in the liver were investigated. Abnormalities in at least one of the tests were noted in 57% of the outpatients, and two tests gave pathologic results in 27%. The non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients more often had abnormal LFT results than did the insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Serum chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations were increased in 27%, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT) activities in 19%, and alanine aminotransferase (Alt) activities in 17% of the outpatients, but the increases were rarely more than twice the upper limit of normal. In multivariate analysis, outpatients who were overweight, showed poor diabetes control during a short duration of diabetes controlled by treatment with diet or oral agents, and had a mature age at onset of diabetes displayed the most significant clinical explanatory variables associated with abnormal Alt. In the inpatients, the percentages of abnormal Alt and gGT results were augmented, along with increasing severity of histologic changes, but the mean values of Alt and gGT did not differ significantly between the various histologic groups. In addition, the diabetic patients with nonspecific inflammatory changes or increase in liver fibrosis often showed normal or only minor elevations in these test values.
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PMID:Liver function tests in diabetic patients. 673 94

The role of zinc (Zn) in preventing cadmium (Cd)-induced alterations of liver function and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in female rats. The animals were divided into four groups. To the diet for Group I was added 200 micrograms Cd/g of diet, to that for Group II was added 200 micrograms Zn/g of diet, and to that for Group III were added 200 micrograms Cd/g and 200 micrograms Zn/g of diet. Group IV was the control group fed normal diet. At the 11th, 26th, and 40th week of exposure, one-third of each group of animals were sacrificed and serum GPT and ALP activities, and glucose and insulin levels were measured. At the 26th and 40th week, serum GPT activity of Group I was significantly higher compared with those of Groups III and IV, and the serum glucose value of Group I was lower than that of Group III. At the 40th week, the serum insulin value of Group I was significantly higher than that of Group III. From these results, it is suggested that orally administered Zn prevents Cd-induced alterations of liver functions and the regulation of blood glucose in rats.
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PMID:Effects of zinc on cadmium-induced alterations in hepatic functions and blood glucose of rats. 683 6

The plasma levels of corticosterone, insulin and glucagon, and the concomitant changes in the levels of several liver enzymes and metabolites were measured in intact rats in the basal state during 24 hours and under conditions of food deprivation and hypoxia. The levels of the following enzymes and metabolites were examined: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, glycogen, fructose-6-phosphate, hexokinase, tyrosine amino-transferase and tryptophan oxygenase. During food deprivation, the increased gluconeogenesis is possibly a result of glucagon activity. In contrast, however, during hypoxia the increase in gluconeogenesis seems to be a result of the higher plasma level of corticosterone. During starvation, the insulin concentration dropped steadily and came close to zero.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of glucose, corticosterone, glucagon and insulin and liver content of metabolic substrates and enzymes during starvation and additional hypoxia in the rat. 703 Aug 99

The presence of hepatic steatosis was determined in 180 middle-aged male workers by ultrasonography and was found in 39 (22%) of them. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and serum levels of asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) were higher in the subjects with hepatic steatosis. Although the volume of alcohol consumed in a week did not differ between the subjects with and without hepatic steatosis, the hepatic steatosis was thought to relate to both increased body mass and alcohol consumption because the elevations of serum AST and gamma-GTP in the subjects depended largely on alcohol consumption but not on BMI. The results of 75 g oral glucose tolerance test showed a higher blood glucose at 120 minutes and a higher plasma immunoreactive insulin at baseline, 60 and 120 minutes in the subjects with hepatic steatosis, being adjusted for age, BMI and alcohol consumption. The significant association between serum gamma-GTP and BP, which had been often observed in alcohol consumers, was no longer significant after adjustment for plasma insulin levels whereas plasma insulin showed a significant association with BP. These results suggest the possibility that hypertension in alcohol consumers, and also in obese people, relates at least partly to hyperinsulinaemia associated with progression in hepatic steatosis.
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PMID:Association between hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia as related to hypertension in alcohol consumers and obese people. 775 70

The aim of the present study is to compare normal and tumoral pancreatic islet cells in terms of both the activity of selected cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes participating to nutrient catabolism and the intrinsic properties of FAD-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase was higher in tumoral (RINm5F) than normal islet cells. The opposite was seen for glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and FAD-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (m-GDH). These findings are consistent with the high rates of glycolysis and protein synthesis seen in tumoral islet cells compared with normal islet cells, which favour mitochondrial oxidative events associated with the catabolism of D-glucose and amino acids. The intrinsic catalytic properties of m-GDH were comparable, albeit not identical, in normal and tumoral islet cells. Since a deficiency of m-GDH in pancreatic islets may represent a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, it is proposed that RINm5F cells may readily yield sufficient islet m-GDH for purification and further gene cloning.
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PMID:Activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes participating in nutrient catabolism of normal and tumoral islet cells. 776 86

The mitochondrial FAD-linked enzyme glycerophosphate dehydrogenase plays a key role in the pancreatic B-cell glucose sensing device. In the present study, the activity of this enzyme was examined in islets of fa/fa rats in which inherited diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity, hyperinsulinism and severe insulin resistance. The specific activity of both FAD-linked glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were decreased in islet and liver homogenates prepared from fa/fa, as compared to Fa/Fa, rats, this coinciding with a low ratio between glutamateoxalacetate and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase activity in both islet and liver extracts, islet hyperplasia, hyperinsulinemia and hepatic steatosis in the hyperglycemic fa/fa rats. It is speculated that a low activity of FAD-linked glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the pancreatic B-cell may participate to the perturbation of glucose homeostasis in fa/fa rats, like in other animal models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Impaired FAD-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in islet and liver homogenates of fa/fa rats. 783 41

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is a key determinant of the fibrinolytic capacity. Its activity correlates with most of the characteristic features of insulin resistance syndrome, i.e. obesity, high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. We measured plasma PAI-1 antigen levels in 131 asymptomatic men (aged 44.2 +/- 11 years) who had been referred for hyperlipidemia. Those taking medication and those with a secondary hyperlipidemia were excluded. We confirmed the correlation between PAI-1 levels and the following variables: body mass index, blood pressure, triglyceride concentration, and blood glucose and insulin levels before and after an oral glucose tolerance test. We also found a significant and independent correlation between PAI-1 and the concentration of the hepatic enzymes glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Mild liver abnormalities (presumably steatosis) may thus be one of the factors accounting for high plasma PAI-1 levels in hyperlipidemic patients.
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PMID:Relation between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and hepatic enzyme concentrations in hyperlipidemic patients. 785 96


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