Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Whereas glucocorticoids induce TAT, TRP, GPT in liver and only TAT in HTC cells, no hormonal effect on the synthesis of these enzymes was found in Zajdela hepatoma cells grown in vivo as an ascitic tumor, or in vitro as layer cultures. Although these cells remain uninducible, the hormone penetrates normally, but a strong decrease of the specific binding of cytosol and nuclear proteins with the hormone was observed. The impairment at the level of the hormone receptors could account for the non-inducibility of enzyme synthesis in ZHC cells.
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PMID:Impairment of enzyme induction by glucocorticoids in Zajdela hepatoma cells. 1 35

In an earlier report from this laboratory, one of the early manifestations of hypervitaminosis A was shown to be a marked stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. In the present study, effects of feeding 30,000 IU of retinyl palmitate to young rats (80-100 g), once daily, for 2 days on the incorporation of 14C-labeled precursors into glucose and glycogen by liver slices, levels of amino acids in blood and tissues, and activities of some important amino acid catabolizing enzymes in the liver were investigated. A stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in hypervitaminosis A was indicated by the increased incorporation of 14C-labeled alanine and bicarbonate into glucose and glycogen by liver slices. Excessive intake of retinol caused a marked increase in the activities of hepatic alanine aminotransferase and ornithine aminotransferase and a decrease in that of tryptophan pyrrolase, without affecting those of tyrosine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase. The ratio of NADH:NAD in the livers of rats fed excess retinol was significantly increased. It is suggested that enhancement of glucoeogenesis in hypervitaminosis A is caused by a stimulation of gluconeogenic activity of the liver.
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PMID:Early effects of hypervitaminosis A on gluconeogenic activity and amino acid metabolizing enzymes of rat liver. 2 Apr 86

High concentration of inorganic phosphate in the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus inhibited ergot alkaloid synthesis. Addition of L-tryptophan but not mevalonate or 5-methyltryptophan to the above culture restored the alkaloid synthesis to the level found in normal cultures. The decrease in alkaloid synthesis in the fungus accompanies an increase in cell mass, cellular protein and sterol content. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased in the high-phosphate culture.
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PMID:Effect of phosphate on ergot alkaloid synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. 33 88

Serial liver enzyme and bilirubin concentrations were measured in 100 patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Between the eighth and tenth days, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels rose to 5.4 times pretotal parenteral nutrition levels; serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, 2.8 times; bilirubin, 2.3 times, and lactic dehydrogenase, 1.5 times. These elevations were transient, lasting four to ten days. Biopsies of the liver taken during maximal elevations demonstrated marked periportal fatty change. A second elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase occurred in one-third to one-half of those patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for longer than a 20 day period. These elevations were more prolonged, and no biopsies were taken. Amino acid solutions contain conversion products of tryptophan, an amino acid that is unstable in the presence of the preservative sodium bisulfite which is added to all commercially available protein solutions. Infusion of these products into rats, either alone or as part of total parenteral nutrition solutions, resulted in periportal fatty change of the livers identical to that seen in our patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. A toxic effect of tryptophan conversion products in total parenteral nutrition solutions is proposed.
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PMID:Serum hepatic enzyme and bilirubin elevations during parenteral nutrition. 40 35

An attempt was made to determine the effect of steroidal contraceptives on the utilization of Vitamins-B1 and B6. Subjects, aged 22-38 years, were not taking any external source of vitamins. A 24-hour urine sample was collected and a fasting blood sample drawn for the estimation of erythrocyte amino-transferases and transketolase. Then each subject was given 2 gm of L-tryptophan. Another 24-hour urine specimen was then collected. Xanthurenic acid values in urine specimens were compared. Ovral or norgestrel was then given for 3 cycles. After these 3 cycles, blood collections and tryptophan load tests were repeated. Erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (EAIT) and aspartates aminotransferases (EAsT) were measured. Also, erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) was estimated and the "TPP" effect determined by adding 75 mcg of thiamine pyrophosphate. of 11 women taking Ovral, 7 showed an abnormal response to the tryptophan load as shown by the xanthurenic acid excretion. Responses of all 11 women on norgestrel to tryptophan loads were normal. EAIT and EAsT tests were normal with both drugs (p more than .05). Erythrocyte transketolase activity was not significantly changed by either preparation (p more than .05). The increased xanthurenic acid excretion with Ovral after tryptophan load is thought to indicate Vitamin-B6 deficiency. Basal levels of ETK decreased in 7 of 10 women on Ovral but increased in 5 of 8 women on norgestrel therapy. Also, in vitro stimulation with TPP was observed in 4 of these women. The relation of this finding to Vitamin-B1 is not clear. Urinary thiamine, blood pyruvic acid, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid and transketolase activity require study to assess the Vitamin-B1 status under contraceptive therapy.
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PMID:Short-term effect of ovral and norgestrel on the vitamin B6 and B1 status of women. 119 31

The synthesis and release of alanine and glutamine have been studied in the intact rat epitrochlaris skeletal muscle preparation. Aspartate, cysteine, leucine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, serine, theronine, and glycine increased significantly the formation and release of alanine from muscle. Cysteine, leucine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, and phenylalanine increased the rate of glutamine synthesis. Only ornithine, arginine, and tryptophan were without effect on the synthesis of either alanine or glutamine. Half-maximal stimulation of alanine and glutamine formation by added amino acids was observed with concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 mM. Increases in alanine and glutamine formation were not accompanied by changes in pyruvate production or glucose uptake. The progressive decline in alanine and glutamine synthesis noted on prolonged incubation was prevented by the addition of amino acids to the incubation medium. Stimulation of alanine synthesis by added amino acids was unaffected by inhibition of glycolysis with iodoacetate. Inhibition of alanine aminotransferase with aminooxyacetate significantly decreased alanine formation. Pyruvate and ammonium chloride did not increase further the rate of either alanine or glutamine formation above that produced by added amino acids. These data indicate that most amino acids are precursors for alanine and glutamine synthesis in skeletal muscle. A general mechanism is presented for the de novo formation of alanine from amino acids in skeletal muscle, and the importance of proteolysis for the supply of amino acid precursors for alanine and glutamine synthesis is discussed.
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PMID:Alanine and glutamine synthesis and release from skeletal muscle. II. The precursor role of amino acids in alanine and glutamine synthesis. 124 59

1. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary L-tryptophan supplementation (250-1000 ppm) on lipid accumulation, an occurrence of hemorrhages and microsomal mixed function oxidase in the liver of laying hens. 2. Dietary L-tryptophan supplementation resulted in significant decreases in hepatic lipids, in particular triglyceride, and occurrence of hemorrhage in laying hens. 3. Hepatic lipid accumulation by estrogen injection in starved-refed growing chicks decreased as dietary tryptophan content increased. 4. Supplementation of L-tryptophan at 1000 mg/kg diet enhanced alanine aminotransferase activity in the hepatic tissue and at 500 mg/kg diet, increased cytochrome b5, a component of the mixed function oxidase, in the hepatic microsomes. 5. These results demonstrate that L-tryptophan alleviates fatty liver in laying hens and modifies microsomal mixed function oxidase in the liver.
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PMID:L-tryptophan alleviates fatty liver and modifies hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase in laying hens. 135 43

A highly divergent HIV-2 designated as HIV-2[GH-2] was obtained from an AIDS-related complex (ARC) patient in Ghana. A full-length molecular clone of this isolate was obtained and a biologically active clone was constructed. Its restriction pattern differed from that of prototype HIV-2[GH-1] in 25 of 35 restriction sites, but was strikingly similar to a previously characterized HIV-2 isolate from a Ghanaian (HIV-2ALT). The conserved integrase region (288-bp fragment) previously displayed 95% identity with that of ALT but 17-20% divergence from the HIV-2 prototype member, and a new distinct subgroup (HIV-2b) of HIV-2 consisting of GH-2 and ALT was postulated (Miura et al. 1991.) These isolates, however, were biologically distinguishable from each other by its replication capacity in a monocyte line, U937, in which GH-2 could not grow but ALT grew well. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of the LTR of this new isolate displays 21% divergence from that of prototype HIV-2[GH-1], but the core enhancer, Sp1 binding sites and TATA box were conserved. Although the 3' half of the env gene sequence which is deleted in HIV-2ALT clone showed 27% diversity from the prototype, functional differences in the rev-responsive element were not observed.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a highly divergent HIV-2[GH-2]: generation of an infectious molecular clone and functional analysis of its rev-responsive element in response to primate retrovirus transactivators (Rev and Rex). 158 52

The present study was designed to examine the effects of methanolic extract (PE-ME), isoflavonoid fraction (PF-IF), triterpenoid saponin fraction (PF-SP) and N-acyl-N1-glucosyl-tryptophan (PF-P) isolated from puerariae flos on alcohol-induced unusual metabolism (as for glucose (BG), triglyceride (TG), and urea nitrogen (BUN) level in blood) and experimental liver injury (model: CCl4- and high fatty food induced) in mice. These alcohol-induced increasing responses were inhibited by the extracted and refined substances from puerariae flos. In short, PF-ME (4500 mg/kg) and PF-P (400 mg/kg) inhibited an increase in BG level induced by alcohol, whereas PF-IF (1000 mg/kg) and PF-SP (1000 mg/kg) did not. Similary, PF-ME and PF-SP inhibited an increase in TG induced by alcohol, whereas PF-IF did not. In addition, PF-IF and PF-SP inhibited increasing BUN level. Still more, PF-IF and PF-SP significantly inhibited an increase in gulutamate oxalacetate transaminase or gulutamate pyruvate transaminase level induced by high-fatty food and CCl4 in control animals. Especially PF-IF (250 mg/kg) administration showed a remarkable effect (inhibition: 76.3%) in control animals. These results suggested that puerariae flos or its combination drugs may be a useful drug as a traditional medicinal system for counteraction to drinking.
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PMID:[Pharmacological studies on puerariae flos. II. The effects of puerariae flos on alcohol-induced unusual metabolism and experimental liver injury in mice]. 227 52

Ten bull-calves were infected with 10(8) viable cells of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis per os. During the 400-day period of observation faecal and blood samples were taken from animals at 30-day intervals. Faecal samples were examined microscopically, blood samples by the CFT, AGID and LST tests. Intradermal allergic tests were carried out at PI (post infection) days 92, 217, 336, using mammalian, avian and johnin PPD. In the period of study, these efficiency indices showed fluctuations characteristic of the given tests. In the period between PI day 160 and 400 fifteen biochemical parameters were measured monthly, TRP, ALP, TRIG and CHOL were reduced by day 400, pointing to disorders of digestion and absorption. Increased activities of CK, ALD, LDH, alpha-HBDH and ALT indicated skeletal muscle and/or liver damage in the first place. Serum CK, ALD activities and TRIG and TRP concentrations may serve as useful complementary values to the specific diagnosis of paratuberculosis, particularly in the advanced stage of the disease.
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PMID:Some diagnostic features of the pathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) and serum biochemical changes after oral reinfection. 238 84


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