Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cisplatin is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic antitumor drugs. Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in cisplatin-induced toxicity. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the antioxidant potential of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) against the toxicity of cisplatin in male rats. Cisplatin treated animals revealed a significant elevation in plasma, heart, kidney and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, and the levels of glutathione (GSH) were decreased. Aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT), creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in plasma, while liver AST and ALT were significantly decreased. Cisplatin significantly increased the levels of plasma total lipid, cholesterol, urea and creatinine, and the relative weight of kidney. On the other hand, plasma total protein and albumin, and body weight were significantly decreased. GSPE reduced cisplatin-induced the levels of TBARS in plasma, heart, kidney and liver, TL, cholesterol, urea and creatinine, and liver AST and ALT. Moreover, it ameliorated cisplatin-induced decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and GSH, total protein and albumin. Therefore, the present results revealed that GSPE exerts a protective effect by antagonizing cisplatin toxicity.
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PMID:Protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract against oxidative stress induced by cisplatin in rats. 1942 35

The protective effect of aspartate and glutamate in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated in experimental animals. Male albino wistar rats were pretreated with aspartate [100mg (kg body weight)-1 day-1] or glutamate [100mg (kg body weight)-1 day-1] intraperitoneally for a period of 7 days. Following amino acid treatment, MI was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol [200mg (kg body weight)-1 day-1] for 2 days. After 24h following the last injection, the animals were sacrificed and the biochemical analysis was carried out. The activities of cardiac marker enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the serum of MI induced rats as compared to control rats. The levels of glutathione and mitochondrial ATP and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase) were decreased whereas lipid peroxides increased significantly (P<0.05) in the heart of MI induced rats as compared to control rats. However, pretreatment with aspartate or glutamate to MI induced rats significantly (P<0.05) reduced the activities of cardiac marker enzymes and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes as compared to MI induced rats. Aspartate or glutamate pretreatment also increased the levels of glutathione and mitochondrial ATP while decreased the level of lipid peroxides in the cardiac tissue. The overall effects of aspartate and glutamate in reducing the oxidative stress in MI induced rats are similar. There was no significant difference between the control rats and aspartate or glutamate treated control rats. The present study shows that aspartate and glutamate could reduce oxidative stress in MI induced rats.
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PMID:Aspartate and glutamate prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress in rats. 1996 69

The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown concern about the burden of tuberculosis in the developing countries. Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the modulatory effect of vitamins C and E on the hepatotoxicity, sperm quality and brain toxicity of Rifampicin. Forty Wistar albino rats were used, 10 animals per group. Group 1 animals received 0.3 mL of distilled water, the Group 2 animals received the therapeutic dose of rifampicin, Group 3 animals received therapeutic doses of rifampicin plus vitamin E, while Group 4 received therapeutic doses of rifampicin and vitamin C. The administration was performed orally during three months; the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of that period. Blood samples were collected and liver function and lipid profile was analyzed using fully automated clinical chemistry device. The liver, brain and reproductive organs underwent histopathological examination. Sperm samples were collected from the epididymis to achieve count and motility and morphological analysis. Results showed rifampicin alone to raise (p < 0.05) liver function enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase [AST], Serum alanine amino transferase [ALT] and Total Bilirubin) when compared with controls. While the vitamin E treated group showed remarkable protection, the vitamin C treated group showed questionable protection against the rifampicin induced liver damage. Sperm count results showed an important (p < 0.05) increase in the sperm quality in vitamin E and C treated groups. However, the vitamin E plus Rifampicin treated group showed increased lipid peroxidation. The histopathological findings revealed structural damages by rifampicin in liver, brain and epididymis while some remarkable architectural integrity was observed in the antioxidant-treated groups. It can be concluded that vitamin E or C improved sperm quality and protected against the brain damage caused by rifampicin. Moreover, vitamin E demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotection against rifampicin induced damage while vitamin C shows a questionable hepatoprotection.
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PMID:Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo. 2030 54

Background and Aim. There are no accurate methods of differentiating acute biliary pancreatitis. Obstructions of biliary ducts, idiopathic pancreatitis may be related with biliary origin which needs identification for acute treatment. We searched for the predictivity of biochemical markers in early acute biliary pancreatitis. Patients and Methods. Serum levels of AST (Aspartate Transaminase),ALT (Alanine Transaminase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase), GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase), amylase, lipase, CRP (C-Reactive Protein) and WBC (White Blood Cell) were measured in 157 patients with acute pancreatitis. Biliary and nonbiliary pancreatitis were differentiated by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), Intraoperative Cholangiopancreatography (IOC). Cut-off points of admission biochemical markers with sensitivity, specifity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were determined after identification of significant variables. Receiver Operator Curves were plotted for each biochemical marker. Results. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, amylase and lipase levels were significantly higher in biliary pancreatitis with a positive predictive value of 80.8%, 83.9%, 81.6%, 78.8%, 79.7%. Conclusion. Increased Alkaline Phosphatase,total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, amylase and lipase levels may be used in prediction of biliary pancreatitis.
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PMID:The predictivity of serum biochemical markers in acute biliary pancreatitis. 2199 1

HBV infection is contagious and may be transmitted vertically or horizontally by blood products and body secretions. Over 50% of Iranian carriers have contracted the infection prenatally, making this the most likely route of transmission of HBV in Iran. This study assesses the resistance to Lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection using a new ZNA probe Real Time PCR method. To evaluate the effectiveness of Lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection, a study was conducted on 70 patients (63 men and 7 women), who had received the drug first line. All patients were tested for the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg, the serum ALT level and the HBV DNA load before and after treatment. In all samples resistance to Lamivudine was tested with the ZNA Probe. Our results showed that ZNA Probe Real Time PCR method could detect wild type,YMDD, and its mutants, tyrosine-isoleucine-aspartate-aspartate and tyrosine-valine-aspartate-Aspartate. Among an estimated seventy patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, 18 (25.7%) were resistant to lamivudine. Only one patient was negative for presence of HBS-Ag (5.6%) and two patients were negative for HBe-Ag (11.1%). Real-time PCR with Zip nucleic acid probes is a sensitive, specific and rapid detection method for mutations in the YMDD motif, which will be essential for monitoring patients undergoing Lamivudine antiviral therapy.
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PMID:Detection of HBV resistance to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B using Zip nucleic acid probes in Kerman, southeast of Iran. 2309 50

Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree, cultivated in the tropics and sub-tropics for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. The raw matured seeds which have been reported to be used as food and clarifying agent of turbid water caused growth retardation in albino rats and this might have been due to its antinutritional contents. Owing to these adverse factors, the effect of soaking the seeds for 30 min and then compounding it as feeds was done. Its effect on growth rate and the level of some biochemical parameters on rats were investigated. The Wistar albino rats were fed for 21 days and their weights measured at 2 days interval. Aspartate and Alanine transaminases, Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels were assayed using Automated Vitros 350 Chemistry Analyzer. The growth rates of rats fed with the commercial rat pellets, Casilan diet and the processed Moringa seed diet had a range of 80.06 +/- 3.54 to 100.98 +/- 5.37, 66.70 +/- 7.54 to 55.23 +/- 7.47 and 52.99 +/- 4.15 to 35.47 +/- 2.26, respectively. The parameters assayed for the group that received the processed Moringa seed diet are 144.00 +/- 16.80 (AST), 41.00 +/- 7.05 (ALT), 66.50 +/- 8.80 (ALP) and 12.45 +/- 1.18 (Total Bilirubin). The one-way ANOVA statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant change in the parameters of all the groups at 95% significance level (p < 0.05). Hence, the soaked Moringa oleifera seed did not support growth in the animal subjects and also did not pose a threat to the liver. However, it is better to develop more suitable processing methods to improve the seed's nutritional capabilities.
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PMID:Effect of soaked Moringa oleifera seeds on growth rates and the levels of some biochemical parameters in albino rats. 2419 86

The occurrence of glutamate (GDH), alanine (AlaDH), and aspartate (AspDH) dehydrogenases, glutamine synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and several aminotransferases was demonstrated in preparations of vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica cultured on an inorganic medium supplied with gaseous nitrogen or additionally supplemented with either ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate. GDH was mainly NADPH-linked in extracts of algae grown in the presence of atmospheric nitrogen and also ammonia, whilst nitrite and nitrate cultures predominantly showed NADH-linked activity. High activities of both AlaDH and AspDH were recorded in nitrogen-fixing algae; both amino acid dehydrogenases were NADH-specific. GDH in nitrogen-fixing cultures was the only enzyme of reductive amination found in appreciable amount in the lamellar fraction. Glutamine synthetase was most active in alga cultured on nitrogen, whilst greatest ornithine transcarbamylase activity was observed in ammonia-grown filaments. Aspartate-glutamate exceeded aspartate-alanine aminotransferase activity under all culture conditions and both were mainly localised in the supernatant fraction.Changes in activity of the amino acid dehydrogenases were attributed to cofactor competition with reductive processes involved in nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate assimilation. Glutamine synthetase was considered to be regulated by the availability of ATP, being least under nitrogen-fixing conditions. High ornithine transcarbamylase activity was interpreted to provide a means for removal of excessive levels of ammonia.
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PMID:The influence of inorganic nitrogen supply on amination and related reactions in the blue-green alga, Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. 2445 89

The effect of chronic consumption of Piliostigma thonningii on the activities of Aspartate Aminotransferases (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferases (ALT) on serum and liver of Rattus novergicus was investigated in this research. The aim of this study was to check the possible effect of chronic consumption of Piliostigma thonningii on the activities of the liver biomarkers (ALT and AST) in Rattus novergicus. The results from this study revealed that the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, showed a significant increase (34.20 +/- 12.9*) at (p < 0.05) upon chronic consumption of ethanolic extract of P. thonningii when compared with that of the control B (18.02 +/- 1.54). The result also showed that the liver AST was significantly increased (32.75 +/- 5.89*) when compared to that of the control B (17.01 +/- 1.81) at (p < 0.05). The results from the study also revealed that there was a significant increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase in the liver (17.01 +/- 5.86*) when compared with that of the control B (5.1 +/- 1.11) at (p < 0.05). There was a corresponding increase in serum activity of the enzyme ALT (13.65 +/- 3.79*) when compared with that of the control B (9.4 +/- 1.98) at (p < 0.05). The results from this research has shown that chronic consumption of P. thonningii may cause liver injury thereby, increasing the liver enzyme activity (17.01 +/- 5.86*). This was shown in the corresponding increase in the serum level. Excessive consumption of the extract of P. thonningii has a toxicity potential on the liver and possibly other organs and tissues.
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PMID:Effect of chronic consumption of Piliostigma thonningii on activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and liver in Rattus novergicus. 2451 31

This paper investigated the influence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on GABA metabolism and amino acid content under hypoxia stress by accurately controlling the level of dissolved oxygen in hydroponics, using the roots of melon 'Xiyu 1' seedlings as the test material. The results showed that compared with the control, the growth of roots was inhibited seriously under hypoxia stress. Meanwhile, the hypoxia-treated roots had significantly higher activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as the contents of GABA, pyruvic acid, alanine (Ala) and aspartic acid (Asp). But the contents of glutamic acid (Glu) and alpha-keto glutaric acid in roots under hypoxia stress was obviously lower than those of the control. Exogenous treatment with GABA alleviated the inhibition effect of hypoxia stress on root growth, which was accompanied by an increase in the contents of endogenous GABA, Glu, alpha-keto glutaric acid and Asp. Furthermore, under hypoxia stress, the activities of GAD, GDH, GOGAT, GS, ALT, AST as well as the contents of pyruvic acid and Ala significantly decreased in roots treated with GABA. However, adding GABA and viny-gamma-aminobutyric acid (VGB) reduced the alleviation effect of GABA on melon seedlings under hypoxia stress. The results suggested that absorption of GABA by roots could alleviate the injury of hypoxia stress to melon seedlings. This meant that GABA treatment allows the normal physiological metabolism under hypoxia by inhibiting the GAD activity through feedback and maintaining higher Glu content as well as the bal- ance of carbon and nitrogen.
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PMID:[Influence of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on GABA metabolism and amino acid contents in roots of melon seedling under hypoxia stress]. 2534 52

In this study, we developed anionic polymer-coated liposome/siRNA complexes (lipoplexes) with chondroitin sulfate C (CS), poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) and poly-aspartic acid (PAA) for siRNA delivery by intravenous injection, and evaluated the biodistribution and gene silencing effect in mice. The sizes of CS-, PGA- and PAA-coated lipoplexes were about 200?nm and their ?-potentials were negative. CS-, PGA- and PAA-coated lipoplexes did not induce agglutination after mixing with erythrocytes. In terms of biodistribution, siRNAs after intravenous administration of cationic lipoplexes were largely observed in the lungs, but those of CS-, PGA- and PAA-coated lipoplexes were in both the liver and the kidneys, indicating that siRNA might be partially released from the anionic polymer-coated lipoplexes in the blood circulation and accumulate in the kidney, although the lipoplexes can prevent the agglutination with blood components. To increase the association between siRNA and cationic liposome, we used cholesterol-modified siRNA (siRNA-Chol) for preparation of the lipoplexes. When CS-, PGA- and PAA-coated lipoplexes of siRNA-Chol were injected into mice, siRNA-Chol was mainly observed in the liver, not in the kidneys. In terms of the suppression of gene expression in vivo, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) mRNA in the liver was significantly reduced 48?h after single intravenous injection of PGA-coated lipoplex of ApoB siRNA-Chol (2.5?mg?siRNA/kg), but not cationic, CS- and PAA-coated lipoplexes. In terms of toxicity after intravenous injection, CS-, PGA- and PAA-coated lipoplexes did not increase GOT and GPT concentrations in blood. From these findings, PGA coatings for cationic lipoplex of siRNA-Chol might produce a systemic vector of siRNA to the liver.
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PMID:In vivo siRNA delivery system for targeting to the liver by poly-l-glutamic acid-coated lipoplex. 2575 1


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