Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase together with lactate dehydrogenase (LD) from the tissue homogenate of the Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, were partially characterized by measuring the Michaelis constant (km) and the maximum velocity (Vmax). The isoenzymatic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase was investigated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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PMID:Kinetic properties of two transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. 227 60

49 women of reproductive age were included in the study and were divided in 2 groups. The ovulation inhibitor group (OI) consisted of 37 women aged 33.5-39 exposed to ovulation inhibitors for an average of 13.4 years (Ovosiston, Sequenzovosiston, Non-Ovlon), and the control group consisted of 12 women aged 35.5-41.5 who had taken no OI for at least 5 years. Aspartate-aminotransferase (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase=SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) enzymes were determined as indicators of liver damage, and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) for indication of cholestasis or as a sensitive parameter of hepatopathy. By using a nonradiating, stabile isotop-marked tracer substance, 15 N-ammonium chloride, the uric acid synthesis performance and the ammonium excretion of the liver could be evaluated. The Q-value indicated an excess of ammonium and uric acid as demonstrated by the 15 N test. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups with regard to ALAT, gamma-GT, Q-value, and leukocyte count. The measured values of enzymes and leukocytes studied, however, stayed within the normal range. In the OI group, the decreased gamma-GT activity was surprising. Also, the Q-value showed a slightly pathological median value in 18 women of the OI group. In 4 women who has Q-values of 1.6 to 1.9 (vs. 1.4 median value), liver punction was performed. In each case, liver damage could be shown to be attributed to use of contraceptives. Morphological changes indicating enhanced detoxification activity, and liver cell fat formation of various severity were also found as uncharacteristic alterations. The described increase of the serum activity of aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-GT were interpreted as the expression of cellular adaptation. Long-term use of hormonal contraceptives influences the metabolism of the liver, whose partial disorder can be detected by the 15 N-ammonium test. Normal ALAT and gamma-GT serum enzyme activity in single cases does not allow conclusions on the behavior of the metabolism of the liver.
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PMID:[Use of the stable nitrogen isotope 15N in assessing liver metabolism in hormonal contraception]. 231 86

In experiments on 6 sheep the authors found the following enzyme activities in bacteria in the rumen fluid, bacteria adhering to the epithelium of the rumen wall and bacteria adhering to food particles in the rumen (given in nkat X g-1 bacterial dry weight): GDH (NADH): 725 +/- 165, 558 +/- 127, 661 +/- 153; GDH (NADPH): 558 +/- 338, 255 +/- 88, 565 +/- 139; GOAT (NADH): 46 +/- 23, 67 +/- 31, 66 +/- 14; GOGAT/NADPH: 58 +/- 27, 56 +/- 15, 65 +/- 29; GS: 153 +/- 65, 69 +/- 35, 71 +/- 32; ALT: 71 +/- 25, 43 +/- 20, 52 +/- 11; AST: 52 +/- 12, 33 +/- 16, 28 +/- 15. The results show that, except for GDH (NADPH), there were no significant differences between the given enzyme activities in the rumen fluid and in bacteria adhering to the rumen wall and to food. Adherent rumen bacteria have the same potential possibilities as the rumen fluid bacteria for the utilization of ammonia, particularly for the synthesis of glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine and aspartic acid, with the above enzymes as catalysts. By means of the GS/GOGAT system, adherent rumen bacteria can probably synthesize glutamic acid in the presence of a limited NH3 concentration in the rumen.
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PMID:Ammonia-utilizing enzymes of adherent bacteria in the sheep's rumen. 286 70

Amino acids of the glutamate family, viz. glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and alanine, along with the activities of glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GDH), aspartic acid aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-aminotransferase (GABA-T) were estimated in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem of rats treated with a single dose of lithium or with seven daily doses of lithium (3 m-equiv./kg body wt). The levels of GABA were found to increase in cerebral cortex and brain stem following the administration of a single dose and also were found to be increased in cerebral cortex and cerebellum after treatment for 7 days. The content of glutamic acid was increased in all three brain regions after treatment for 7 days. Glutamine was increased in both cerebral cortex and brain stem after treatment for 7 days, whereas aspartic acid was increased in brain stem after both the administration of single dose and treatment for 7 days. A significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the activity of GS was observed in brain stem after 7 days of treatment. Similarly, a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the activity of AST was observed in all three regions of the brain following the treatment for 7 days. The above results are discussed in relation to the known effects of lithium on brain cation metabolism and a suggestion is made that an imbalance in the functional activities of glutamic acid and GABA as a result of quantitative changes in these amino acids, brought about by lithium, may play a role in the therapeutic efficacy of lithium in bipolar disorders.
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PMID:Acute and short-term effects of lithium on glutamate metabolism in rat brain. 286 24

The present investigation revealed the effect of the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin at the dose level 0.25 LD50 at different time intervals on the concentration of 11 rat brain amino acids, on the activities of glutamic oxyacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GpT) and cholinesterase. The study was also extended to include the total protein content during the tested periods. The daily injection of dieldrin caused a marked decrease in the levels of glutamic acid, glutamine and taurine and an increase in the levels of aspartic acid, asparagine, GABA, glycine, lysine, serine, alanine and histidine. However, the maximal increase and decrease were recorded for most of the tested amino acids at the end of the tested period. The activity of the transaminases increased significantly. The recorded values of GOT were usually higher than GPT. Cholinesterase activity was inhibited thoroughly during all the experimental periods. Total protein content was decreased in the experiment; the minimal value was given 3 days after the injection.
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PMID:Effect of dieldrin injection on the level of certain amino acids and some enzymes in rat brain. 287 4

When 14 "moderate" drinkers abstained from alcohol for four weeks, the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) in their serum showed a large decrease. Immediately after the period of abstention, an orally given ethanol challenge of 1 g/kg produced a marked increase in serum GGT at 24 h, followed by a slow decline thereafter. Aspartate amino-transferase activity in serum was significantly increased at 24 h; however, alkaline phosphate, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase showed much smaller or no changes. An abnormal increase in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 was observed in seven subjects. In some of the moderate drinkers, liver biopsies showed mild chronic hepatitis or nonspecific changes. Eight nondrinking controls showed only slight increases in serum GGT following the same alcohol challenge; results for the other enzyme tests were unchanged. We consider it probable that pre-existing liver disease affects the response to ethanol, so that greater amounts of GGT are released from hepatic tissue; alternatively, drinkers may have a higher GGT activity in this tissue as a result of enzyme induction by ethanol. The alcohol challenge test was an effective discriminator between moderate drinkers and abstainers.
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PMID:Changes in serum enzymes in moderate drinkers after an alcohol challenge. 289 5

1. Glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were present in the gill, liver and muscle tissues of Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddaerti. Both transaminases were found in the cytosol and mitochondria. 2. A complete purine nucleotide cycle was not present in the tissues studied. 3. Glutamine synthetase was not detected. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase was detected in both the cytosol and mitochondria. 4. Aspartate was the major substrate of ammoniagenesis in the mudskippers, though glutamate and glutamine were also oxidised. 5. Transdeamination was the major pathway for ammoniagenesis in the mudskippers studied.
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PMID:Ammoniagenesis in mudskippers Boleophthalmus boddaerti and Periophthalmodon schlosseri. 366 40

1. The utilization of amino acids for gluconeogenesis by rat liver develops in postnatal life, reaching maximum activity at the fifth day. 2. The activity of aspartate transaminase shows a similar trend in postnatal development and the increased activity appears to be due to the soluble enzyme. 3. The activity of alanine transaminase is low in foetal and postnatal rat liver and increases in activity at about the twentieth day. 4. Aspartate, glutamate and alanine make a major contribution to gluconeogenesis in the postnatal rat liver.
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PMID:Gluconeogenesis from amino acids in neonatal rat liver. 604 92

1. Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in a Staphylococcus aureus mutant strain that requires pyrithiamine for optimum growth were studied and compared with those in the thiamine-requiring parent S. aureus. 2. The mutant strain utilized amino acids at a higher rate than did the parent strain. The utilization of glutamic acid, serine and glycine was much stimulated in the mutant strain. 3. The rate of oxidation of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, isoleucine and glycine was higher in the mutant strain. 4. The mutant strain contained serine, glycine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine and histidine as free amino acids, whereas the parent strain possessed lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. 5. The mutant strain possessed slightly higher glutamate-oxalo-acetate transaminase activity, whereas the activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were similar in both strains. 6. The incorporation of (14)C from [2-(14)C]-acetate into individual amino acids of the cell protein was greater in the mutant strain. 7. The incorporation of (14)C-labelled amino acids into the cell proteins of the mutant strain was not much different from that in the parent strain. 8. Induction of beta-d-galactosidase in the mutant strain did not occur, whereas induction of this enzyme is possible in the parent strain. Thiamine or pyrithiamine has no direct effect on the induction of beta-d-galactosidase.
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PMID:Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in a pyrithiamine-requiring Staphylococcus aureus mutant. 604 29

It has been found that calcium oxalate stone formers have low UGOT and UGPT activity compared to healthy individuals. The urine of 23 stone formers and 19 controls has been tested for combined UGOT and UGPT activity. The effect of L-aspartic acid, alanine and L-glutamic acid on calcium oxalate precipitation has been tested. Only L-glutamic acid exerted a significant retardation effect at physiological concentrations. As GPT and GOT convert alanine and aspartic acid respectively into glutamic acid, a possible mechanism of retardation of kidney stone formation involving enzyme steps via glutamic acid creation in situ is suggested.
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PMID:May enzyme activity in urine play a role in kidney stone formation? 612 28


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