Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Regional variation in the genetic constitution and genetic differentiation of three tribal populations (Koya, Lambadi, and Chenchu) of Andhra Pradesh, South India, was examined from the data of 27 polymorphic loci (9 blood groups, 13 red cell enzymes, and 5 serum proteins). Significant heterogeneity was observed among the three tribal groups at several loci (ABO, RH, P, ADA, PGM, ACP, ESD, PGD, GPT, HP, C3, and BF). Pairwise comparisons also showed significant genetic differences between the Koya and the Chenchu at seven loci, between the Koya and the Lambadi at nine loci, and between the Chenchu and the Lambadi at seven loci. Gene differentiation among the three tribes was sufficient to allow an overall excess of heterozygosity. The FIS estimates of each tribe showed positive values, but a great number of alleles showed negative FIS values, supporting varying degrees of gene flow and admixture with neighboring populations. The genetic differentiation and affinity of 14 tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh were further examined using published and unpublished data on 11 polymorphic genetic systems. Despite the genetic distinctions between two Chenchu samples and Koya and Koya-related tribes (Koya Dora and Konda Dora), geographic proximity seems to be an important determinant of affinity of the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. The extent of genetic diversity is high compared with previous reports from this state. No evidence from the present data indicates that selection had any appreciable effect on local differentiation, but the present analysis suggests that differences are more likely to be maintained by genetic drift, admixture, and inbreeding.
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PMID:Genetic study of the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, south India. 905 43

The roots of Boerhaavia diffusa L., commonly known as 'Punarnava', are used by a large number of tribes in India for the treatment of various hepatic disorders. In the present study the effect of seasons, thickness of roots and form of dose (either aqueous or powder) were studied for their hepatoprotective action to prove the claims made by the different tribes of India. The hepatoprotective activity of roots of different diameters collected in three seasons, rainy, summer and winter, was examined in thioacetamide intoxicated rats. The results showed that an aqueous extract (2 ml/kg) of roots of diameter 1-3 cm, collected in the month of May (Summer), exhibited marked protection of a majority of serum parameters, i.e. GOT, GPT, ACP and ALP, but not GLDH and bilirubin, thereby suggesting the proper size and time of collection of B. diffusa L. roots for the most desirable results. Further, the studies also proved that the aqueous form of drug (2 ml/kg) administration has more hepatoprotective activity than the powder form; this is probably due to the better absorbtion of the liquid form through the intestinal tract.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. roots--a popular Indian ethnomedicine. 914 55

1. The anti-inflammatory effect of an alcoholic extract from the flower of Vernonia cinerea (Asteraceae; Less) was tested in adjuvant arthritic rats. 2. Changes in paw volume, body and tissue weights and serum and tissue enzyme activities of ALT, AST, ACP and cathepsin-D in adjuvant rats were reversed by oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) of the flower extract. 3. The extract also reversed the major histopathological changes in the hindpaws of the arthritic rats. 4. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids and flavonoids. 5. It is concluded that the extract contains as yet unidentified anti-inflammatory principle(s).
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PMID:Effect of Vernonia cinerea Less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritis. 979 23

Histological changes which appear as a result of reperfusion injury of cold-preserved rat liver were studied at intervals of 0 hr, 3 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr of cold storage. The isolated livers were stored in a UW solution (University of Wisconsin), which is used in human liver transplantations. Computer image analysis of light microscopic sections (methyl green-pyronin stained) was used for the study and quantification of injured cells. The method of TUNEL was performed to prove possible apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells and heptocytes. Bile production during reperfusion and ALT, AST, LDH and ACP were measured in the reperfusion medium at the end of the 90 min reperfusion. It has been confirmed that prolongation of the cold storage of liver results in extensive changes in the liver structure and increased injury of liver cells. Sinusoidal endothelial cells were damaged more and earlier than hepatocytes. It has been shown that methyl green-pyronin stained sections are advantageous for the study of these morphological changes, allowing the strongest view of these changes. The appearance of TUNEL positive cells and an increase in the levels of biochemical parameters, e.g. AST or ALT, indicate earlier cell injury. The methodology described in this article can be used for the study of reperfusion injury of the liver and for the study of this phenomenon in other experiments.
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PMID:[Reperfusion injury in the isolated rat liver after hypothermic preservation]. 1192 82

Administration of acetaminophen (ACP, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) to fasted, male Swiss-Webster mice caused a rapid 90% decrease in total hepatic glutathione (GSH) and a 58% decrease in mitochondrial GSH by 2 h post ACP. This was followed by a time-dependent decrease (72%) in hepatic AdoMet synthetase activity and rise in plasma ALT levels (>10000 U/l) at 24 h post ACP treatment. AdoMet synthetase activity was maintained at 82, 78 and 60% of controls, respectively, by the cysteine prodrugs PTCA, CySSME and NAC. Total hepatic and mitochondrial GSH levels were also protected from severe ACP-induced depletion by CySSME and MTCA. These results suggest that the maintenance of GSH homeostasis by cysteine prodrugs can protect mouse hepatic AdoMet synthetase, a sulfhydryl enzyme whose integrity is dependent on GSH, as well as the liver itself from the consequences of oxidative stress elicited by toxic metabolites of xenobiotics.
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PMID:Acetaminophen-induced suppression of hepatic AdoMet synthetase activity is attenuated by prodrugs of L-cysteine. 1208 14

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is used as a plasticizer, a detergent base, in aerosol sprays, as a perfume binder in incense sticks and after-shave lotions. It is known to be a contaminant of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Therefore, a study was designed to determine the toxic effects of DEP on a freshwater fish, Cirrhina mrigala. The fish was treated with 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm (w/v) DEP dissolved in acetone to determine the LC50. Positive controls were treated with acetone only. There was 100% mortality observed within 24 h in 75 and 100 ppm, and 50% mortality in 50 ppm treated fish in 72 h. Those treated at 25 ppm showed only 10% mortality within 72 h and remaining fish continued to survive. The surviving fish were treated with 25 ppm DEP once daily for 3 days with every change of water (Group III). One group was maintained as negative control in dechlorinated water (Group I) and the other group received acetone once daily for 3 days with every change of water and was used as positive control (Group II). Fish were killed by cold narcosis on an ice block and dissected to obtain liver, muscle, and brain samples; 10% homogenates in ice-cold saline were prepared. Brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity was measured. Liver aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and liver and muscle succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) alkaline and acid phosphate (ALP and ACP) were measured. There was a significant increase in liver and muscle ACP and ALP in DEP-treated fish compared with positive and negative controls. There was a significant increase in muscle SDH and liver ALT (ALT) in DEP-treated fish compared with positive and negative controls. Brain AchE level was significantly decreased in DEP-treated fish compared to positive and negative controls. These results indicate that DEP brings about significant changes in the activity of certain liver and muscle enzymes. These alterations in enzyme activity may have long-term effects on that are continuously exposed to low doses of DEP in the aquatic environment.
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PMID:Toxicity study of diethyl phthalate on freshwater fish Cirrhina mrigala. 1256 61

The acute and sub-acute toxic effects of various doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Alstonia scholaris (ASE) was studied in mice and rats. The acute toxicity in mice depended on the season of collection of plant. The highest acute toxicity was observed in the ASE prepared from the summer collection followed by winter. The least toxicity was observed in the extract prepared from the bark of A. scholaris collected in the monsoon season. The administration of different doses of ASE showed a dose dependent increase in the toxicity in all species of mice. The Swiss albino mice were found to be the most sensitive followed by the DBA and C(57)BL. The crossbred mice were resistant when compared to the pure inbred strains. The oral administration of ASE was non-toxic up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg b. wt., while maximum number of animals succumbed to death after administration of 1100 mg/kg ASE by intraperitoneal route. The rats were more sensitive than the mice as the LD(50) dose of ASE was lesser for the former than the latter. The sub-acute toxicity in the rats was carried out with 120 and 240 mg/kg b. wt. ASE (1/10th and 1/5th of the LD(50) dose of ASE). The 240 mg was observed to be more toxic than 120 mg/kg ASE since it caused mortality and deformity in various organs of the recipient animals. The various biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, CK, LDH, creatinine, urea, ammonia, glucose and LPx were higher at 240 mg/kg ASE when compared with the 120 mg and the non-drug treated animals. In contrast, the total protein, albumin, DNA, RNA, cholesterol, glucose, glutathione, total thiols declined in the 240 mg/kg ASE treated animals when compared with non-drug treated controls. The hematological analysis showed a dose dependent decrease in the RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, neutrophils and monocytes, while a significant increase in the lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils was observed. The observed toxic effect of ASE may be due to the presence of echitamine. Our studies shows that at high doses, A. scholaris exhibited marked damage to all the major organs of the body.
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PMID:The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats. 1518 56

Forty-eight semen ejaculates from four Surti buffalo bulls were studied under split sample technique to establish the effects of initial semen quality and tris fructose yolk glycerol (TFYF), egg yolk citrate glycerol (EYCG) and lactose yolk glycerol (LYG) extenders on the freezability, fertility (based on 3412 AI) and extracellular release of spermatozoal enzymes pre and postfreezing. The overall mean activity of GOT, GPT, AKP, ACP and LDH enzymes in the postthaw seminal plasma increased significantly (P<0.01) above prefreeze levels, whereas sperm motility decreased. Freezability and the release of these enzymes were not influenced by the types of extenders used except for AKP release, which was significantly (P<0.01) lower in TFYG diluent. The pre and postfreeze sperm motility was significantly higher (P<0.01) and the leakage of GOT, AKP and ACP was lower in 36 semen samples with an initial motility above 70% than in the 12 samples in which initial motility was between 60 and 70%. The effects of interactions between motility groups, diluents and freezing periods were statistically nonsignificant for both freezability and leakage of all five enzymes. Fertility rate of frozen semen produced in TFYG diluent was significantly (P<0.05) higher (42.69%) than in the other diluents and was followed by that of EYCG (39.78%) and LYG (37.50%) with an overall mean of 40%. Sperm post-thaw motility had significantly (P<0.01) negative correlations with the release of enzymes: GOT (-0.948); GPT (-0.859); AKP (-0.673); ACP (-0.951) and LDH (-0.764). Fertility rates showed high negative correlations with the release of all five enzymes. Freezability was positively correlated with fertility (+0.405). Significant positive correlations were also observed for the release of GOT with that of GPT (+0.944); AKP (+0.574); ACP (+0.911) and LDH (+0.839): GPT with ACP (+0.795) and LDH (+0.870): and ACP with AKP (+0.725) and LDH (+0.577). These findings stressed the use of simple estimates of GOT and AKP leakage as markers for the assessment of freezability and fertility, and also the importance of initial good quality semen and the suitablity of extenders (TFYG) in the production of frozen buffalo bull semen for better fertility rates.
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PMID:Freezability, enzyme leakage and fertility of buffalo spermatozoa in relation to the quality of semen ejaculates and extenders. 1672 88

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is widely used in personal care products, plastics and medical devices at various concentrations, but its information is limited on its toxicity associated with exposure at high as well as low doses for a prolonged period. Therefore, a study was undertaken to understand the dose-response toxic effect of DEP in male Wistar rats. Control rats were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Rats were given DEP dissolved individually in corn oil mixed with the diet at 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of the diet/day, which is equal to 0.57, 1.425 and 2.85 mg/kg body wt/day. After 5 months of treatment animals were sacrificed, enzymes and other biochemical parameters in the serum and liver were assessed. Liver weight to body weight ratio showed a significant increase only in 10 ppm DEP treated rats. A significant increase was observed in the serum ACP, LDH, ALT enzyme levels of 10 mg/kg treated rats as compared to control, 25 and 50 mg/kg treated rats. Other biochemical parameters like glycogen, total cholesterol, total triglycerides and lipid peroxidation were also increased in the liver of all the three treated groups. In the 10 and 50 mg/kg diet/day treated rats, there was a significant decrease in liver total GSH as compared to controls and 25 mg/kg treated rats. Histology of liver showed severe vacuolations, fatty degeneration and loss of hepatic architecture in the 10mg/kg treated rats, whereas in the 25 and 50 mg/kg treated rats only loss of hepatic architecture and granular deposits in the hepatocytes was predominant. Histology of liver by electron micrographs showed a significant dose-dependent proliferation of mitochondria in the hepatocytes, while the 10mg/kg treated rats showed increased number of peroxisomes in the hepatocytes. It is evident from this study that treatment with higher concentrations of DEP results in mitochondrial proliferation as well as accumulation of glycogen, cholesterol and triglycerides within the liver, but exposure to lower concentrations for longer periods results in increase in peroxisome numbers leading to severe hepatocellular changes which can be confirmed by significantly increased liver weights, elevated enzyme levels in the serum and liver and impaired metabolism of glycogen, cholesterol and triglyceride as well as altered liver histology.
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PMID:Chronic toxicity of diethyl phthalate in male Wistar rats--a dose-response study. 1675 May 91

To find out the active principles against ethanol-induced toxicity in mice, Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Ap) was chosen and isolated andrographolide (ANDRO) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). ANDRO was detected by HPTLC, FTIR and quantified by HPLC (10mg/g of Ap powder). AGPs was detected by beta-glucosyl Yariv staining of SDS-PAGE gel, FTIR and quantified by single radial gel diffusion assay with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent (0.5mg/g Ap powder). The mice are pretreated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with different doses (62.5, 125, 250, and 500mg/kg) of body weight of mice] of ANDRO and AGPs for 7 days and then ethanol (7.5g/kg of body weight) was injected, i.p. Besides, silymarin was used as standard hepatoprotective agent for comparative study with ANDRO and AGPs. The ameliorative activity of ANDRO and AGP against hepatic renal alcohol toxicity was measured by assessing GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP and LP levels in liver and kidney. It has been observed that pretreatment of mice with ANDRO and AGPs at 500mg/kg of body weight and 125mg/kg of body weight respectively could able to minimize the toxicity in compare to ethanol treated group as revealed by the different enzymatic assay in liver and kidney tissues and the results were comparable with silymarin. Hence, out of several ill-defined compounds present in Ap, ANDRO and AGPs are the potential bioactive compounds responsible for protection against ethanol-induced toxicity.
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PMID:Protective activity of andrographolide and arabinogalactan proteins from Andrographis paniculata Nees. against ethanol-induced toxicity in mice. 1712 22


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