Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Laboratory studies are an essential aspect in the management of children with grave diseases, helping to plan the therapeutic measures and to identify the disease. The most acute syndromes in pediatric emergency care are: coma, convulsions, dehydration, metabolic disequilibrium, hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock, a grave infection, chemical or drug poisoning. The laboratory tests that should be available within few minutes are blood cell count, blood and gas analysis, sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose measurements. The results of total proteins, serum creatinine and urea measurements, bleeding tests, analysis of blood smear, sedimentation rate, ALT, AST, osmolality, urinary electrolytes, creatinine and cerebrospinal fluid examinations should be available within sixty min. New accurate and rapid techniques and instruments facilitate the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pediatric emergency.
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PMID:[A rapid response laboratory in a pediatric clinic]. 172 94

The time course of changes in serum proteins and other blood constituents after eccentric exercise of the forearm flexors by six nonweight-trained female subjects (age, 19.7 +/- 1.9 years) was investigated. Eccentric muscle actions are those in which the muscle lengthens as it exerts force, as when a person lowers a weight. Serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, myoglobin, as well as urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus were examined before and for 6 days after exercise. Creatine kinase increased dramatically (peak value ranged from 6740 to 24,200 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and myoglobin followed the same time course as creatine kinase, but their peak values were lower. These proteins did not increase significantly until 48 hours after exercise and reached peak values 3 to 5 days after exercise. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus showed no change. There is either a delay in muscle protein release by damaged muscle fibers, or the proteins are unable to leave the interstitial area for the 24 to 48 hour period after exercise. Because of the long delay, care should be taken when blood protein levels are interpreted in persons who have exercised strenuously (even if only for a short period of intense effort) several days before any diagnostic tests are performed.
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PMID:Time course of serum protein changes after strenuous exercise of the forearm flexors. 174 Jun 32

Overtraining may be one frequent cause of stagnation or decrease in performance capacity of athletes. Israel (19) differentiates between addisonoid (parasympathetic) and basedowoid (sympathetic) overtraining, characterized by inhibition or excitation. We tried to induce an overtraining syndrome in 8 experienced middle- and long-distance runners, based on an increase in training volume from an average 85.9 km (week 1) to 115.1 km (week 2) and 143.1 km (week 3) to 174.6 km per week (week 4). The influence of this training on cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal parameters was examined with special respect to plasma and urinary catecholamines. Laboratory testing including graded treadmill running was performed on the days 0, 14 and 28. Training was held six days each week, with nearly 30 km per day in the fourth week. A stagnation in endurance performance capacity (running velocity at the aerobic-anaerobic transition range) and a decrease in maximum working capacity were observed in 6 and a stagnation in 2 of the 8 sportsmen, indicated by a decrease in total running distance from 4719 + 912 m to 4361 + 788 m during incremental treadmill ergometry. The sportsmen could neither improve nor could they even approximately reach their personal records during the subsequent competitive season. Subjective complaints, classified on a four-point scale, increased from 1.2 (week 1) to 3.2 in week 4. Glucose, lactate, ammonia, glycerol, free fatty acids, albumin, LDL, VLDL cholesterol, hemoglobin level (transient), leukocytes, and heart rate (before and during exercise) decreased significantly. Urea, creatinine, uric acid, GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, serum electrolytes (except phosphate and calcium) remained constant at the measuring times, CPK was elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. 175 9

Effects of administration of triflupromazine were evaluated in 11 adult domesticated camels (Camelus dromedarius) weighing 403 +/- 29.5 kg (Mean +/- SE). Six camels were used to evaluate sedative properties of the drug and its effects on haematological and blood biochemical parameters. In the remaining 5 camels, effects on haemodynamics, acid base status and blood gases were studied. In all the animals triflupromazine was administered intramuscularly in the gluteal region at the rate of 2 mg/kg. Camels voluntarily sat down 48.9 +/- 5.4 min after administration of the drug but stood up again if disturbed. Drowsiness, drooping of lower lip and salivation were evident. The animals stood on their own and started walking with ataxia after 159 +/- 7 min and recovered completely from the effect of drug within 259 +/- 23 min. The drug caused a significant tachycardia and a moderate hypotension. The decrease in central venous pressure was also significant. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, acid base status, blood gases, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, differential leukocyte count, blood urea nitrogen, plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and inorganic phosphate were not significantly affected by triflupromazine.
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PMID:Evaluation of triflupromazine as a sedative in camels (Camelus dromedarius). 177 79

Twenty adult male rats per group in 4 treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally at 08.00 hours with 0.1 ml of an aqueous cotton seed extract (Gossypium barbadense Linn.) (Malvaceae) in concentrations of (a) 105.25, (b) 21.21, (c) 4.65, (d) 2.325 mg ml-1 (kg body weight)-1, respectively. A fifth group (control) was given 0.1 ml of pyrogen free distilled water per rat. Five rats per treatment group were sacrificed at 2, 8, 24 and 168 hours respectively after treatment. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) showed no change. Plasma testosterone was lower (p less than 0.05) than that of control at 2 and 8 hours, with recovery by 168 hours post treatment. Plasma creatinine was raised by 2 hours, with recovery by 8 hours. Plasma urea rose gradually but persistently to a maximum of 168 hours. Plasma aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) transaminases were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that of controls throughout the study. Testicular histology showed early germ cell disorganization followed by progressive fibrosis (sperm cytoskeleton) by 24 hours. There was evidence of recovery by 168 hours. It is concluded that aqueous extract of cotton seed meal contains substances that can rapidly cause damage to testicular, liver, kidney and muscular tissues.
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PMID:Effects of an aqueous extract of cotton seed (Gossypium barbadense Linn.) on adult male rats. 177 60

A comparison of the effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration of sodium dichromate on nephrotoxicity in rats was studied. Dichromate when injected subcutaneously (SC group) produced a higher degree of nephrotoxicity than when administered intraperitoneally (IP group). It caused severe progressive proteinuria followed by polyuria and glucosuria, reaching maximum levels at 3 days after treatment in the SC group, whereas it produced mild proteinuria without glucosuria in the IP group. The dose-dependent increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, shown in the SC group, were not observed in the IP group. However, between the two groups, there were no great differences in either the urinary excretion rate of chromium or the electrophoretic patterns of urinary protein in the day 1 urine specimens. Pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) had no remarkable effect on the dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, it potentiated dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity, the indices of which were the elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic lipid peroxide formation. These results suggest that the dependence of dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity on the route of administration is related to the chemical forms of chromium reaching the kidney, and the necrotizing property of dichromate results from its metabolic fate in vivo.
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity of sodium dichromate depending on the route of administration. 178 35

Biochemical components usually evaluated in seminal plasma are lower than those in blood serum. In this study the concentration of different constituents in seminal plasma has been analyzed: creatinine, urea, glucose, uric acid, sodium, potassium, triglycerides, cholesterol, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), cholinesterase, creatin phospho chinase (CPK), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), proteins, in comparison with the concentrations of the same constituents in blood. With the exception of uric acid, all the biochemical components in the seminal plasma were either significantly higher or lower than in blood serum, an index of the complexity of the mechanism regulating the presence and distribution of the single components in seminal plasma compared with blood serum. Isoelectro-focussing for proteins showed, in seminal plasma, a higher quantity of fragments and a different distribution of this in comparison with blood serum.
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PMID:[Prospectives of the study of seminal fluid in the diagnosis of infertility]. 178 5

Nickel deficiency was induced in 2- to 4-year-old goats by feeding 0.1 mg Ni/kg dry matter with a semisynthetic diet. The control group consumed 5.0 mg Ni/kg d.m. Activity of several enzymes (SDH, LDH, HBDH, AST, ALT, ALD, CK, CHE) was determined in the serum, liver, heart and kidneys. Serum urea-N level was also measured and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examinations were performed. Signs characteristic of nickel deficiency (retarded growth, increased mortality of dam and offspring, parakeratosis of the skin) appeared in the low-nickel group. The activity of SDH and ALD, as well as the level of urea-N was significantly lower in the serum of Ni-deficient animals than in the control. Ni-deficient animals also had significantly lower enzyme activities in the heart (SDH, HBDH, AST, ALT, ALD and CK), liver (SDH and CHE) and kidneys (HBDH and CK). Electron micrographs showed degeneration of cardiac and skeletal muscle in the Ni-deficient animals. Ni deficiency elicited changes primarily in the heart and these resulted in depressed activity of several enzymes.
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PMID:Effect of nickel deficiency on biochemical variables in serum, liver, heart and kidneys of goats. 178 40

The orthotopic liver transplant model in rats has been very useful for immunological studies. However, differing opinions exist as to whether rearterialization of the graft is necessary for such experiments. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the short-term allograft function when rearterialized was compared to restored venous portal flow only and in situ hepatic artery ligation. The technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat with and without rearterialization of the graft is described in detail. In addition, we evaluated the technical feasibility of sutured vascular anastomosis as compared to the traditional cuff technique. Urea synthesis rate was used as a sensitive marker of integrated liver function, including uptake, synthesis and excretion. Standard liver test of bilirubin, plasma aspergine aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured. We found no significant differences in the biochemical markers between allografts with portal venous flow only compared to the combination with arterial flow. Autopsy was performed after the biochemical studies at day 14. Histopathological analyses revealed no differences between the two groups of transplanted rats. The patency of sutured anastomoses was in our hands found to be superior to that of the cuff technique, with a success rate of more than 90% in rats with portal venous flow. This rat model in which vascular anastomosis is performed with a running suture technique and without rearterialization seems to be excellent for short-term studies of preservation and liver function after orthotopic liver transplantation.
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PMID:Effect of rearterialization on short-term graft function in orthotopic rat liver transplantation. 180 29

62 specimens of cystic fluid drawn back by ultrasound guided needle-aspiration in 37 males and 25 females were evaluated biochemical analysis including magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, uric acid, total protein, sugar, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, PAP, alpha-amilasys. In our study Cl, Na and sugar showed similar concentrations in the two fluids. Uric acid, and urea were more concentrated in the cystic fluid while Mg, Ca and total protein were more pronounced in the blood. The results obtained seem to indicate that simple renal cyst could originate from glomerular proximal tubulus part of the nephron as consequence of an obstructive cause.
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PMID:[Simple renal cysts, biochemical analysis of the cystic fluid, and comparison with blood parameters]. 183 Apr 3


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