Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We previously reported that the mold Monascus anka, traditionally used for fermentation of food, showed antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions against chemically induced liver injuries. In the present study, the antioxidant component of M. anka was isolated and identified. The antioxidant was elucidated to be dimerumic acid. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical was significantly scavenged by the antioxidant whereas hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion were moderately scavenged. When the antioxidant (12 mg/kg) was given to mice prior to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4), 20 microl/kg, ip) treatment, the CCl(4)-induced liver toxicity in mice seen in an elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities was depressed, suggesting the hepatoprotective action of the antioxidant. The liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity, which is known to be activated by oxidative stress or active metabolites, was increased by CCl(4) treatment and the increase was also depressed by pretreatment with the mold antioxidant. Thus these data confirmed that the dimerumic acid isolated from M. anka is the potential antioxidant and protective against CCl(4)-induced liver injury.
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PMID:Dimerumic acid as an antioxidant of the mold, Monascus anka. 1080 32

The antioxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems were evaluated in CCl4-intoxicated rats. The n-butanol fraction from the water extract of the stems, when pretreated orally at 200 mg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days in rats, was demonstrated to exhibit significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities such as hepatic cytosolic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase by 30.31, 19.82 and 155%, respectively. The n-butanol fraction whereas showed a significant inhibition of serum GPT activity (65.79% inhibition) elevated with hepatic damage induced by CCl4-intoxication. Eleutheroside B, a lignan component, isolated from the n-butanol fraction was found to cause a moderate free radical scavenging effect on DPPH, its scavenging potency as indicated in IC50 value, being 58.5 microM. These results suggested that the stems of A. senticosus possess not only antioxidant but also hepatoprotective activities.
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PMID:Anti-oxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems and their lignan components. 1496 48

Jigrine a polypharmaceutical herbal hepatoprotective formulation containing aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants is used in Indian system of medicine (Unani). Jigrine was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against galactosamine induced hepatopathy in rats. Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity resembles human viral hepatitis. Biochemical parameters like AST, ALT and urea in serum, TBARS and glutathione in liver and whole blood glutathione were estimated to assess liver function. DPPH-free radical scavenging activity of jigrine was also evaluated. Biochemical data exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity of jigrine against galactosamine. Silymarin used as reference standard also exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against galactosamine. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections.
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PMID:Free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity of jigrine against galactosamine induced hepatopathy in rats. 1574 Aug 90

Dianex, a polyherbal formulation consisting of the aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Azadirachta indica, Cassia auriculata, Aegle marmelose, Withania somnifera and Curcuma longa was screened for hypoglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Dianex was administered in different doses of 100-500 mg/kg/day orally in acute (6 h) and long-term (6 weeks) studies. Blood glucose levels were checked 2-6 h after treatment in acute studies and every 2 weeks in long-term studies. Body weight was recorded on the first and final day of the treatment in the long-term studies with diabetic mice. After 6 weeks, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspertate transaminase (AST), urea and creatinine were estimated in serum of the diabetic mice. Glycogen and total protein levels were estimated in the liver. Also, the liver and pancreas was subjected to histological examination. Oral glucose tolerance and in vitro free radical scavenging activity was also studied. Dianex produced significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic activity at 250-500 mg/kg doses in both normal and diabetic mice in acute and long-term studies. The body weight of diabetic mice significantly (p<0.05) increased with all tested doses of Dianex. The elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, urea and creatinine levels in diabetic mice were significantly (p<0.05) reduced at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The liver glycogen and protein levels were both significantly (p<0.05) increased in diabetic mice at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses. Dianex increased the glucose tolerance significantly (p<0.05) in both normal and diabetic mice at all the doses tested. Histopathological examination showed that the formulation decreased streptozotocin induced injury to the tissues at all the doses tested. It produced significant (p<0.05) free radical scavenging activity against ABTS+, DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals at the concentrations ranging between 10-1000 microg/ml.Thus, in the present study, Dianex produced significant hypoglycemic activity in both normal and diabetic animals. It also reversed other diabetic complications in diabetic mice at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses. In our earlier study, Dianex was well tolerated in laboratory animals at higher doses (upto 10 g/kg in mice, acute toxicity; up to 2.5 g/kg in rats, subacute toxicity studies for 30 days) without exhibiting any toxic manifestation. Hence, Dianex may be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Effect of Dianex, a herbal formulation on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. 1610 94

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a hepatoprotective protein isolated from the herb Cajanus indicus L. on thioacetamide (TAA) induced toxicity in isolated mouse hepatocytes. In vitro cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total protein leakage were measured as the indicator of cell damage. The amount of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were also measured to determine the oxidative status of the cells. The reduced cell viability in TAA treated hepatocytes was almost completely recovered upon protein treatment. LDH, ALT and total protein secretion outside the cells after TAA treatment confirmed the cell membrane damage. Incubation of hepatocytes with the protein prior to TAA administration significantly prevented the cell membrane damage as revealed from less LDH, ALT and total protein leakage. TAA depleted endogenous antioxidant GSH and increased membrane lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes. The protein had very prominent effect in altering the GSH level and lipid peroxidation. The protein exhibited all these cytoprotective effects in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity showed that the protein could scavenge free radicals. In addition, the protein resisted TAA induced alterations of various effects when applied in combination with TAA. The cytoprotective activity of the protein was found to be comparable with alpha-tocopherol, a well-known antioxidant. Results suggest that the protein from C. indicus can act as a hepatoprotector and primary antioxidant against TAA-induced cytotoxicity in mouse hepatocytes.
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PMID:A 43 kDa protein from the herb Cajanus indicus L. protects thioacetamide induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes. 1640 33

Most pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn., Punicaceae) fruit parts are known to possess enormous antioxidant activity. The present study evaluated antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of pomegranate flowers. Alcoholic (ethanolic) extract of flowers was prepared and used in the present study. The extract was found to contain a large amount of polyphenols and exhibit enormous reducing ability, both indicative of potent antioxidant ability. The extract showed 81.6% antioxidant activity in DPPH model system. The ability of extract to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was tested and it was found to significantly scavenge superoxide (O(2)(.-)) (by up to 53.3%), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) (by up to 30%), hydroxyl radicals (()OH) (by up to 37%) and nitric oxide (NO) (by up to 74.5%). The extract also inhibited (.)OH induced oxidation of lipids and proteins in vitro. These results indicated pomegranate flower extract to exert a significant antioxidant activity in vitro. The efficacy of extract was tested in vivo and it was found to exhibit a potent protective activity in acute oxidative tissue injury animal model: ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 9 mg/kg body wt. Fe-NTA to mice induced oxidative stress and liver injury. Pretreatment with pomegranate flower extract at a dose regimen of 50-150 mg/kg body wt. for a week significantly and dose dependently protected against Fe-NTA induced oxidative stress as well as hepatic injury. The extract afforded up to 60% protection against hepatic lipid peroxidation and preserved glutathione (GSH) levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) by up to 36%, 28.5%, 28.7%, 40.2% and 42.5% respectively. A protection against Fe-NTA induced liver injury was apparent as inhibition in the modulation of liver markers viz., aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and albumin in serum. The histopathological changes produced by Fe-NTA, such as ballooning degeneration, fatty changes, necrosis were also alleviated by the extract. These results indicate pomegranate flowers to possess potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective property, the former being probably responsible for the latter.
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PMID:Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidant activity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in mice. 1642 22

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Cassia siamea Lam. (Fabaceae) flowers. The extract was found to contain a large amount of polyphenols and also exhibited an immense reducing ability. At a concentration of 250 microg/ml, 96% of DPPH radicals and at 500 microg/ml, 42.7, 32.7 and 64.5% of O2-, H2O2 and NO respectively could be scavenged by C. siamea flower extract. The extract also inhibited OH radical induced oxidation of protein (BSA) and LPO in murine hepatic microsomes. The determination of metal chelating capacity of the extract indicated chelating of metal ions (Fe2+) to be a putative mechanism implicated in the inhibition of OH radical-induced BSA oxidation and LPO. C. siamea flower extract also exhibited a significant antioxidant activity in acute oxidative tissue injury animal model constituted by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Oral administration of the extract at a dose of 50-150 mg/kg of body weight significantly protected from CCl4 induced elevation in AST and ALT in the serum, elevation in hepatic LPO, depletion of hepatic GSH and decrease in the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT and GPX. The extract also protected against histopathological changes produced by CCl4 such as necrosis, fatty changes, ballooning degeneration, etc. The data obtained in the present study suggests that the alcoholic extract of C. siamea flowers have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage in the liver.
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PMID:Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cassia siamea flowers. 1684 7

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects of glycoprotein isolated from Zanthoxylum piperitum DC fruit (ZPDC glycoprotein). ZPDC glycoprotein showed a single band with molecular weight of 24kDa on the 18% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and consists of a carbohydrate component (18%) and a protein component (82%). We found that ZPDC glycoprotein has a strong scavenging activity against DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals without any pro-oxidant activity in the cell-free system. In hepatocyte cell lines (Chang liver and BNL CL.2 cells), the results showed that ZPDC glycoprotein has an inhibitory effect on hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase- or glucose/glucose oxidase-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, administration of ZPDC glycoprotein (20mg/kg) lowers the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, whereas increases that of nitric oxide, accompanying the normalizing effects on the activity of hepatic anti-oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-stimulated acute liver injury. On the whole the results suggest that ZPDC glycoprotein can be a potent hepatoprotective agent as a natural anti-oxidant.
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PMID:Glycoprotein of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC has a hepatoprotective effect via anti-oxidative character in vivo and in vitro. 1802 43

Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet is a native plant used in Traditional Uighur Medicine, especially for treating a variety of liver disorders. In the present study, in vivo hepatoprotective effect of C. glandulosum root extract (CGRE) was evaluated using two experimental models, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Pretreatment with CGRE (800 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for seven days significantly reduced the impact of CCl4 toxicity (10 mL/kg, i.p.) on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Protective effect was reconfirmed against GalN-induced injury (800 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and elevated serum enzymatic levels were significantly (p<0.05)and dose dependently restored towards normalization by the extracts. Furthermore, considering the well-known implication of free radicals in tissue injury, in vitro antioxidant properties of the extract were determined with a view to suggest the possible mechanism of activity. The extract showed noticeable antioxidant activity, comparable with standard antioxidants, through its ability to scavenge several free radicals (DPPH, O(2)(-), NO()) and efficiency against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, presented results suggest that CGRE is potent hepatoprotective agent that could protect liver against the acute injury and this ability might be attributed to its antioxidant potential.
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PMID:Protective effect of Cichorium glandulosum root extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. 1947 17

The present study was an attempt to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidative property of Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) extract and phyllanthin. Phyllanthin, one of the active lignin present in this plant species was isolated from the aerial parts, by silica gel column chromatography employing gradient elution with hexane-ethyl acetate solvent mixture. It was obtained in high yields (1.23%), compared to reported procedures and the purity was ascertained by HPTLC and reversed-phase HPLC analysis. Characterization of phyllanthin was done by mp, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis. Free radical scavenging activity of P. amarus extract and phyllanthin was also examined using DPPH assay. The protective effect of P. amarus extract and phyllanthin was studied on CCl4-induced toxicity in human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. The results indicated that CCl4 treatment caused a significant decrease in cell viability. In addition, the toxin treatment initiated lipid peroxidation (LPO), caused leakage of enzymes like alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels. It was observed that phyllanthin effectively alleviated the changes induced by CCl4 in a concentration-dependent manner, with much smaller strengths as compared to P. amarus extract.
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PMID:Isolation, characterization and antioxidative effect of phyllanthin against CCl4-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line. 1957 90


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