Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was the determination and the comparison of activities of AST, ALT, GGT, 5'-NU and CK in the placental tissues of cows with and without retained fetal membranes. Placental samples were obtained from 16 cows immediately after parturition and divided into 2 groups: A-not retained (n = 10, NRF), B-retained (n = 6, RF). The activities of the examined enzymes were determined in supernatants of homogenized tissues using spectrophotometric methods and ready kits. The activity of AST was statistically significantly lower in the maternal part of the placenta in group B than in group A. There were no differences in ALT activity. The activity of GGT was statistically significantly higher in the maternal part of the placenta in group B than in group A. The activity of 5'-NU was statistically significantly higher in the maternal part than in the fetal part of placenta in both groups examined. The activity of CK did not differ, except for statistically significant lower activity in the fetal part of the placenta in group B. The results can suggest that the metabolism of amino acids is altered to some extend in cases of the retained placenta. Changes in GGT my indicate on imbalance in free radicals generation and neutralisation. Energetic status may not be influenced by the retention of the fetal membranes. Further experiments concerning more frequent sample collecting during whole periparturient period are necessary.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in placental tissues from cows with and without retained fetal membranes. 909 Dec 78

Cyclophosphamide (CP), a chemotherapeutic agent, is restricted due to its side effects, especially hepatotoxicity. Ginseng has often been clinically used with CP in China, but whether and how ginseng reduces the hepatotoxicity is unknown. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms under the combined usage were investigated. It was found that ginseng could ameliorate CP-induced elevations of ALP, ALT, ALS, MDA and hepatic deterioration, enhance antioxidant enzymes' activities and GSH's level. Metabolomics study revealed that 33 endogenous metabolites were changed by CP, 19 of which were reversed when ginseng was co-administrated via two main pathways, i.e., GSH metabolism and primary bile acids synthesis. Furthermore, ginseng could induce expression of GCLC, GCLM, GS and GST, which associate with the disposition of GSH, and expression of FXR, CYP7A1, NTCP and MRP 3, which play important roles in the synthesis and transport of bile acids. In addition, NRF 2, one of regulatory elements on the expression of GCLC, GCLM, GS, GST, NTCP and MRP3, was up-regulated when ginseng was co-administrated. In conclusion, ginseng could alleviate CP-induced hepatotoxicity via modulating the disordered homeostasis of GSH and bile acid, which might be mediated by inducing the expression of NRF 2 in liver.
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PMID:Ginseng alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity via reversing disordered homeostasis of glutathione and bile acid. 2662 48