Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intracellular-type electrolyte solutions were introduced into organ preservation to prevent K+ efflux and Na+ and Cl- influx into cells and cell swelling during cold ischemia. We studied cation accumulation in the interstitial space by microdialysis, during rat liver cold storage and after flush-out with high-K+ and low-K+ solutions. The effect of Na+ and K+ on graft function and survival was studied in an isolated perfused liver model and an orthotopic transplantation model after rat liver storage in iso-osmolar high-K+ and low-K+ solutions. After 24 hours of cold ischemia [Na+]o dropped from 136 +/- 2 mmol/L to 91.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, and [K+]o increased from 5.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L to 12.2 +/- 1.6 mmol/L (P < .001 vs. control). [Na+]o and [K+]o after flush-out did not equilibrate with [Na+]sol and [K+]sol after 24 hours of cold storage. Rat livers preserved in low-K+ solutions produced significantly more bile during isolated reperfusion and released less alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase into the reperfusion medium than high-K+ solutions. Rat liver survival after 14 hours of preservation was higher in low-K+ solutions (13 of 13) than in high-K+ solutions (7 of 13). Those studies indicate that during cold storage of rat livers, transmembraneous Na+-K+ sodium-potassium exchange might not follow the 3:2 stochiometry of a sole sodium-potassium exchange via Na+-K+ sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and that low-K+ solutions might improve graft function and survival after rat liver preservation.
 ...
PMID:Interstitial accumulation of Na+ and K+ during flush-out and cold storage of rat livers: implications for graft survival. 979 18

Our study investigated the effects of Corylus avellana extract on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride intoxicated liver of young rats. Hepatocytolysis was determined by measuring the level of serum transaminases (GPT and GOT), steatosis by Sudan black staining, histological structures by hamatoxylineosin staining and the activity of enzymes such as SDH, GtDH, G-6-Pase and ATPase. Comparatively, the most serious lesions appeared in CCl4 intoxication. Corylus avellana extract had some beneficial effects in CCl4 toxicosis: it reduced hepatocytolysis as well as histological lesions and returned the activity of some enzymes to normal values.
 ...
PMID:Effects of Corylus avellana in acetaminophen and CCl4 induced toxicosis. 1019 Jan 84

We determined the relationship between lipid peroxidation and alterations in hepatic secretory and microsomal function during various periods of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were pretreated with alpha-tocopherol or vehicle and then subjected to 30, 60, and 90 min, no-flow hepatic ischemia in vivo with 1 or 5 h of reperfusion. Serum aminotransferase (ALT) level, wet-dry weight ratio, and lipid peroxidation were increased at 1 and 5 h of reperfusion, and these changes were significantly attenuated by alpha-tocopherol. Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and glucose-6-phosphatase activity were significantly decreased in 90-min ischemic rats, and these decreases were ameliorated by alpha-tocopherol. After 90 min of ischemia, bile flow, cholate output, and bilirubin output were markedly decreased by ischemia/reperfusion, and alpha-tocopherol restored the secretion. Cytochrome P450 content was decreased by ischemia/reperfusion and restored by alpha-tocopherol to the level of that found in the sham-operated group. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased, and aniline p-hydroxylase was increased in 60-min ischemic rats. The changes in the activities of the two enzymes were prevented by alpha-tocopherol. Our findings suggest that ischemia/reperfusion diminishes hepatic secretory functions and microsomal drug metabolizing systems in proportion to the duration of ischemia and reperfusion in vivo, and this is associated with increased lipid peroxidation.
 ...
PMID:Hepatic injury and lipid peroxidation during ischemia and reperfusion. 1077 16

High light stress (40 W/m(2))-induced alterations in the nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in Spirulina platensis were studied under the Ca(2+) and phosphate (Pi)-supplemented as well as starved conditions. Results revealed that activities of nitrate reductase (NR), amino acid transferases (AST/GOT and ALT/GPT), and protease enzymes in the high-light-incubated cells were relatively higher under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions. On the contrary, relative rates of glutamine synthetase (GS) and ATPase activities were lower in the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved cells. But the Spirulina cells under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-added conditions showed enhanced activity of both GS and ATPase enzymes. During the high-light stress, a decline in the GS activity, particularly under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions, was indicative of a nitrogen starvation-like condition. This could be one of the reasons for induction of the NR and protease enzymes. A higher rate of GS activity was recorded under both the Ca(2+)- and Pi-supplemented conditions, perhaps owing to the enhanced rate of ATPase activity in such conditions. But a declining pattern of both NR and protease activities in the presence of Ca(2+) and Pi, despite the higher rate of ATPase activity, might involve some other mechanism like the protein-kinase system.
 ...
PMID:Calcium and phosphate regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under the high light stress. 1101 76

Seabream and turbot juveniles (40-520 g) were exposed to constant exogenous NH5-N concentrations (1.27-4.27 mmol/l; pH, 8.15). In 96 hr acclimated fish, plasma TA-N (total ammonia nitrogen) contents were positively correlated to ambient ammonia concentrations. The LD50 were 2.2-2.5 mmol/l TA-N in both species. There were no marked osmoregulatory disturbances and plasma urea-N, thyroid hormones levels and gill (Na-K)-ATPase activities were only affected at the highest concentrations. Liver GOT, GPT and GIDH activity dose-response were low and species dependent. In cannulated and non-cannulated turbot exposed to half 96 hr LC50 (lethal ambient concentration for 50% of the population), there was a rapid, pronounced and prolonged increase in plasma TA-N, followed by an immediate decline when exogenous ammonia supply was stopped. Maximum loading and unloading were observed within 1-3 hr. Plasma cortisol levels indicated a stressful situation in exposed fish (150 ng/ml) and a quick recovery capacity. In dose and time response experiments, the most relevant physiological indicator of ammonia stress was blood TA-N content. Other parameters tested led either to transient or low amplitude responses except when fish approached death.
 ...
PMID:Short-term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. 1124 95

The in vivo effect of the administration of extracts of Momordica charantia on certain biochemical parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. It was observed that there was an increase in muscle and liver protein levels, while there was a reduction in the levels of brain protein, muscle and liver glycogen. The activities of plasma L-alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were reduced. The L-aspartate transaminase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were slightly elevated in whole plant extract treated rats while the L-aspartate transaminase was unaffected by the ethanol extract but reduced the adenosine triphosphatase activity.
 ...
PMID:Stimulation of protein biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes by extracts of Momordica charantia. 1126 4

The efficacy of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene 1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) was examined in the treatment of beryllium-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats. Single administration of beryllium nitrate at a dose of 50 mg/kg (i.m.) on day 13 of gestation caused reductions in fetal and placental weights, the number of implantation sites and number of corpora lutea, as well as causing post-implantation loss, stunted growth, increase in the number of resorptions, and also a disturbed sex ratio. Maternal toxicity was demonstrated by reduction in body weight gain. Administration of beryllium also showed significant alteration in the hematological and biochemical indices of the mother as well as the fetus. Marked decreases were recorded in hemoglobin percentage, blood sugar levels, serum protein contents and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. By contrast, significant elevation was found in the activity of transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). Tissue protein contents, glycogen contents, activities of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase of kidney, lungs and uterus, and maternal and fetal liver all showed significantly decreased values after beryllium exposure, and remarkable elevation was observed in acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and hepatic lipid peroxidation. These parameters were restored considerably with administration of 471 mg/kg i.m. Tiron from days 14 to 18 of gestation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry also revealed a high concentration of beryllium in different organs of pregnant rats. Interestingly, a small amount of metal ion was also detected in the fetus and reduced accumulation of beryllium was noticed after Tiron treatment.
 ...
PMID:Protective effect of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) against beryllium-induced maternal and fetal toxicity in rats. 1218 11

One of the most intriguing phenomenon observed during lead toxicity has been attributed to lead-induced oxidative stress. The combined effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on lead-induced alterations in selected parameters, which are indicators of oxidative stress in erythrocytes, have been studied. Lead acetate (Pb, 0.2%) was administered in drinking water for 5 weeks to induce toxicity. LA (25 mg/ kg body weight per day i.p.) and DMSA (20 mg/kg body weight per day i.p.) were administered individually and also in combination during week 6. Clinical evidence of toxic exposure was evident from the elevated blood lead levels (BPb) along with lowered levels of haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Ht). Lead-exposed animals showed enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the erythrocytes. Damage to the erythrocyte membrane was evident from the decline in the activities of the transmembrane enzymes, viz., Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase. Lead-exposed rats also suffered an onslaught on the antioxidant defence system witnessed by lowered activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Serum glutamic-oxoloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were also elevated in lead-exposed rats. Treatment with either LA or DMSA reversed the lead-induced biochemical disturbances encountered by the erythrocytes, but combined treatment with LA and DMSA was very effective in mitigating all the parameters indicative of oxidative stress.
 ...
PMID:Combined efficacies of lipoic acid and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on lead-induced erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rats. 1275 69

After intraperitoneal injection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) (125 microg kg(-1) body wt.), the concentration of MC-LR in the liver of juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus (30 g body wt.) was assayed by a modified protein phosphatase inhibition method. A temporary accumulation occurred from 3 to 48 h post-injection, followed by a significant decrease between 48 and 96 h. Under our experimental conditions, contamination by MC-LR did not change ionic homeostasis, as attested by blood osmolality values and gill Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity. Light microscopy observations revealed lesions and cellular necrosis progression, which was concomitant with an increase in enzyme activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and with a decrease of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. Structural alterations and enzymatic activity modifications became significant within 24 h post-injection. Recovery of hepatocytes on day 21 after MC-LR injection was evident, together with a decrease in the MC-LR equivalent content of the liver.
 ...
PMID:Hepatic accumulation and effects of microcystin-LR on juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus L. 1278 39

The study investigates the effect of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental ethanol toxicity in rats. The ability of the seed extract to prevent iron-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro was also investigated. Ethanol feeding for 60 days resulted in significant increases in the activities of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. The levels of serum lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver and brain were also significantly elevated. Significantly lower activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase were observed in liver and brain accompanied by depletion in glutathione, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Activity of Ca(2+) ATPase in brain was significantly lowered. Simultaneous administration of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds with ethanol prevented the enzymatic leakage and the rise in lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant potential. The seeds exhibited appreciable antioxidant property in vitro which was comparable with that of reduced glutathione and alpha-tocopherol. Further, histopathological examination of liver and brain revealed that, aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds could offer a significant protection against ethanol toxicity.
 ...
PMID:Protective effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds in experimental ethanol toxicity. 1291 70


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>