Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three common variants of soluble cytoplasmic L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), sALT 1, 2-1 and 2, were isolated from normal human liver, and characterized by electrophoretic and kinetic analyses. The isoelectric point of sALT 1 was pH 6.45. sALT 2-1 was focused into three bands with pl 6.1, 6.2 and 6.45; sALT was focused into one band with pl 6.1. The electrophoretic mobilities of sALTs altered to the fast beta-globulin fraction after aging or papain treatment. Ammonia was produced during the latter, and the altered migration was considered to be caused by deamidation of sALT. The relative molecular mass of each of the enzymes was 110,000. Minor differences in the apparent Km values among the multiple forms for both L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate were observed after incubation with 100 mumol/L of pyridoxal phosphate (PALP). PALP stimulation of the enzyme activities was also different. sALT 1 was more stable than sALT 2-1 and 2 after heat and urea treatments. In human sera from 1065 adult Japanese, sALT 2-1, a heterozygote form of sALT 1 and 2, was dominant.
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PMID:Electrophoretic and kinetic characterization of three variants of soluble cytoplasmic L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in human liver tissue. 237 27

A monoclonal antibody, GPT-1, was prepared by fusion of the splenic cells of mice immunized with guinea pig thymocytes with a mouse myeloma cell line. GPT-1 completely inhibited spontaneous rosette formation of T cells with papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes. GPT-1 reacted with 90% of thymocytes, 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and 45% of splenic lymphocytes, but not with B cells. These results indicate that GPT-1 has pan-T reactivity. The antibody specifically bound to a single polypeptide chain with a molecular size of 50-65 kD. The surface density of the antigen was higher on thymocytes than on peripheral T cells, suggesting that the antigen is a certain differentiation antigen on T cells. Phytohemagglutinin-activated T cells expressed more antigen molecules than resting T cells. In addition, GPT-1 suppressed the proliferation of T cells induced by the mitogen, indicating that GPT-1 recognizes a T cell-specific surface antigen which is associated with T cell activation. Based on these results, it was concluded that GPT-1 reacts with a guinea pig T cell surface antigen which is similar to the E-receptor protein on human T cells (CD2 molecule).
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PMID:Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to guinea pig T cells that inhibits rosette formation of the cells with rabbit erythrocytes: similarity of the antigen to E-receptor on human T cells. 289 18

Helminth parasites have large genomes (approximately 10(8) bp) which are likely to encode a spectrum of products able to block or divert the host immune response. We have employed three parallel approaches to identify the first generation of 'immune evasion genes' from parasites such as the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. The first strategy is a conventional route to characterise prominent surface or secreted antigens. In this way we have identified a 15-kDa protein, which is located on the surface of both L3 and adult B. malayi, and secreted by these parasites in vitro, as a member of the cystatin (cysteine protease inhibitor) family. This product, Bm-CPI-2, blocks conventional cysteine proteases such as papain, but also the aspariginyl endopeptidase involved in the Class II antigen processing pathway in human B cells. In parallel, we identified the major T cell-stimulating antigen from the microfilarial stage as a serpin (serine protease inhibitor), Bm-SPN-2. Microfilariae secrete this product which blocks two key proteases of the neutrophil, a key mediator of inflammation and innate immunity. The second route involves a priori hypotheses that helminth parasites encode homologues of mammalian cytokines such as TGF-beta which are members of broad, ancient metazoan gene families. We have identified two TGF-beta homologues in B. malayi, and shown that one form (Bm-TGH-2) is both secreted by adult parasites in vitro and able to bind to host TGF-beta receptors. Likewise, B. malayi expresses homologues of mammalian MIF, which are remarkably similar in both structure and function to the host protein, even though amino acid identity is only 28%. Finally, we deployed a third method of selecting critical genes, using an expression-based criterion to select abundant mRNAs taken from key points in parasite life histories. By this means, we have shown that the major transcript present in mosquito-borne infective larvae, Bm-ALT, is a credible vaccine candidate for use against lymphatic filariasis, while a second abundantly-expressed gene, Bm-VAL-1, is similar to a likely vaccine antigen being developed against hookworm parasites.
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PMID:Immune evasion genes from filarial nematodes. 1140 38

Buffalo skim milk retentate was hydrolyzed with papain for 4 h (enzyme:substrate, 1:200), resulting in a retentate hydrolysate (RH) with a degree of hydrolysis of 23%. We then investigated the potential hepatoprotective activity of RH at 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight per day on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. Liver biomarkers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase), kidney biomarkers (urea, creatinine), and serum lipid profile (total lipids and triglycerides) were measured, in addition to histopathological status. Injection of CCl4 significantly increased all liver and kidney biomarkers compared with the negative control. In contrast, CCl4 injection significantly reduced hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities; that is, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Oral administration of RH for 28 d effectively maintained a physiologically normal range of liver and kidney biomarkers compared with the positive control. Furthermore, RH administration significantly increased activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Histopathological sections of CCl4-stressed rats treated with RH were different from that of the positive control and were similar to those of the negative control, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results demonstrated the antihepatotoxic activities of buffalo milk RH and demonstrated that the higher RH concentration (500 mg/kg of body weight per day) could maintain the healthy biological status of the CCl4-injected rats.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective action of papain-hydrolyzed buffalo milk protein on carbon tetrachloride oxidative stressed albino rats. 3183 90