Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of manganese pretreatment on acute toxicity of fenitrothion (FTH) was investigated in male rats by assessing the degree of enzymatic alterations. Oral administration of FTH (260 mg/kg) markedly inactivated cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterase and elevated the activities of acid phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in different tissues 3 h after dosing. Pretreatment of rats with manganese (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 3 days prior to FTH application (260 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly enhanced these enzymatic changes. The results indicate that inhibition of esterases and elevation in other enzymes induced by manganese are likely to contribute to the increased enzymatic alterations observed following combined treatment.
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PMID:Studies on the interaction between manganese and fenitrothion in rats. 359 Feb 18

Inspite of its non-inclusion in the prescribed list of food colors, orange II is extensively employed to color a variety of foodstuffs. Oral LD50 value of orange II in both male and female rats was calculated to be more than 10.56 g/kg body weight. In short-term studies, animals were exposed to diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.5 or 3.0% (w/w) of orange II, daily for 90 days. Hematological examination revealed a slight decrease in erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content, whereas leucocyte count, PCV, ESR, MCV, MCH and MCHC showed normal values. There was no change in the activities of LDH, GOT, GPT, alkaline/acid phosphatases and bioconstituents, lactic acid, cholesterol and protein in serum as well as in liver, indicating normal functioning of the liver. Histopathological examination of various body organs such as liver, heart, lung, kidney, testes, adrenal, stomach, large and small intestine presented normal appearance. Animals receiving 3.0% orange II showed marked splenomegaly and deposition of Perl's positive iron pigments. Testicular LDH, hyaluronidase and lactic acid did not reveal any deviation from controls, suggesting normal spermatogenic process. No changes in testicular cholesterol, fructose content of coagulating glands and dorso-lateral prostate, and activities of alkaline phosphatase in seminal vesicle and acid phosphatase in ventral prostate support normal androgenic status.
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PMID:Acute and short-term toxicity studies on orange II. 362 8

Rats which had approximately 25-30% of their calculated blood volume removed were exposed to halothane (1%) or enflurane (2%) in 33% oxygen for 30 min. Hepatic function was evaluated by determining, at various time intervals, serum activities of glutamic-oxalacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, acid phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase. In this model serum enzyme activities and animal mortality were significantly increased when hypovolemic hypotension was induced during halothane anaesthesia. The same events did not occur in bleeding animals anaesthetized with enflurane. The marked disparity in hepatic dysfunction and mortality between halothane and enflurane-anaesthetized rats during hypovolemic hypotension may be explained by the more pronounced decrease of oxygen available for the liver and production of reductive toxic intermediates in animals exposed to halothane.
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PMID:Liver function following hypovolemic hypotension in rats anaesthetized with halothane or enflurane. 379 49

The effect of dichlorvos and metathion was studied as exerted on acetylcholinesterase activity in the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. In dichlorvos, the highest enzyme activity inhibition was obtained after 30 minutes. A 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity was recorded at the dose of 1.22 mg per litre. As to metathion, the highest enzyme activity inhibition was obtained after 60 minutes. A 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity was recorded at the dose of 879.2 ng per litre. One hour after exposure to this dose, almost 75% inhibition of the activity of the enzyme was recorded. The determination of acetylcholinesterase activity increases the sensitivity of the bioassay for organophosphates with the use of the Tetrahymena pyriformis protozoan. Dichlorvos was studied for its action at supratoxic doses (50.0, 100.0 and 150.0 mg per litre) and it was found that lactate dehydrogenase activity was almost completely suppressed; the inhibition of alanine aminotransferase was pronounced. A weaker activity inhibition was recorded in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline and acid phosphatase; the activity of alpha-amylase increased. No dependence on dosage was demonstrated.
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PMID:[The effect of dichlorvos and metathion on selected enzymes of the amoeba Tetrahymena pyriformis]. 392 68

Blood samples taken from domestic or wild ruminant animals typically require transportation to an analytical laboratory. Depending on circumstances, several hours or even a few days may pass between sampling and analysis. Several diagnostic plasma enzymes were measured in bovine blood samples immediately after sampling and after storage under a variety of conditions. Conditions studied included storing whole heparinized blood at 20 C for 6 hours, storage at 4 C for 3 and 5 days, and freezing freshly prepared plasma once and 4 times before analysis. For studies of erythrocyte enzymes, fresh erythrocytes were compared with erythrocytes frozen once, frozen 4 times, and prepared from whole blood stored for one week at 4 C. None of these conditions deteriorated erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The serum pseudoacetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase were not affected by any storage condition used. By contrast, acid phosphatase was significantly decreased by all storage conditions used. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were stable under some of the storage conditions tested.
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PMID:Storage stability of some bovine plasma enzymes. 392 97

Cadmium effects on the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were assessed histologically and biochemically and the effects were compared with effects on the ecologically relevant parameters of growth and survival. Growth and survival were monitored and tissues were removed for histopathological assessment of toxicant effects in a 163-day chronic exposure. The biochemical effects of cadmium were determined in a 32-day subchronic exposure. Exposure of fish to cadmium in hard water (363 mg Cd/liter) caused significant reductions in growth at 3.9 and 12.7 mg Cd/liter. Mortality was significantly increased over controls at 12.7 mg Cd/liter. Histopathological lesions were observed in gill tissue from fish exposed to 3.9 and 12.7 mg Cd/liter at all times during the chronic exposure. No histopathological lesions were observed in any internal organ during this exposure. In a 32-day subchronic exposure, cadmium caused significant increases in serum acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activities. Serum aspartate and alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not increased by cadmium exposure. Liver lysosomal membranes were destabilized by cadmium exposure. This indicates an alteration in lysosome function. The utility of biochemical and histological procedures for estimating safe concentrations of environmental pollutants are discussed.
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PMID:The histological and biochemical effects of cadmium exposure in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). 395 30

Toxicity of the antioxidant dodecyl gallate was studied in 150-day experiments on male white rats. The antioxidant was administered intragastrically in doses of 250, 50 and 10 mg/kg bw. The general status and behavior of the animals, the survival rate, weight gain, peripheral blood, the amount of urea, total serum protein, soluble proteins of the liver and kidneys, and activity of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, SDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase of the serum, liver and kidneys, the weight of the internal organs) were studied over time, followed by morbid anatomy studies. Quantitative determination of serum lipids (total fats, total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, triglycerides plus free fatty acids, and phospholipids) was made on the 150th day after the onset of experiments. When administered in a dose of 250 mg/kg, dodecyl gallate produced death of the animals and an increase in the content of triglycerides plus free fatty acids, a decrease in the weight of the spleen and morphological alterations in the liver, kidneys and spleen. The dose 50 mg/kg was also toxic. It brought about changes in the activity of serum and liver AST, an increase in the content of TF, TG, FFA, TG plus FFA and phospholipids, a reduction in the weight of the spleen and pathological changes in the liver, kidneys and spleen. The dose 10 mg/kg is regarded as liminal.
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PMID:[Toxicological study of the long-term effects of the antioxidant dodecyl gallate on albino rats]. 400 81

The changes in the metabolic status of both testis and ovary of Chrysocoris stolli following the treatment with juvenile hormone analogue (JHa) and ecdysterone were studied. After the exogenous application of JHa in selective dose, total carbohydrate, glycogen, trehalose, cholesterol, ascorbic acid and inorganic phosphorus increased significantly whereas free fatty acid (FFA), phospholipid, total protein, RNA and DNA decreased significantly in comparison to control of both testis and ovary. Total lipid significantly decreased in testis and significantly increased in ovary after JHa injection. The activities of cellular enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, catalase and peroxidase significantly decreased while acid phosphatase and GPT significantly increased after the JHa application in comparison to control both in testis and ovary. Activities of GOT and general esterase significantly decreased in testis and increased in ovary after JHa application. The exogenous application of ecdysterone also brought about the similar kind of responses as was noticed in case of JHa treatment but these two treatments differed in some cases such as ecdysteroid that produced some results which were just the reverse of what was produced by JHa treatment. The results obtained here were explained in terms of mode of action of these two hormones.
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PMID:Biochemical changes in testis and ovary of Chrysocoris stolli Wolf. after the application of juvenoid and ecdysterone. 403 58

Growth of cultured rat hepatoma cells in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine results in a rapid inhibition of the synthesis of adrenal steroid-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) and slower decreases in the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC.1.1.1.1), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). During the same period, neither overall cell growth nor the concentrations of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), or alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) were significantly decreased by the base analog. Addition of thymidine to the growth medium rapidly counteracts the inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis but restores the normal concentrations of lactate-, alcohol-, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases much more slowly. Growth of the cells for only one generation in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, followed by the addition of thymidine, produces transient decreases in the concentrations of the three "late-responding" dehydrogenases, beginning 2-3 generations after exposure to the analog.It is concluded that the selective inhibitory effects of the analog could result from a mechanism in which bromodeoxyuridine is uniformly incorporated into cellular DNA, but inhibits the transcription of only certain genes into messenger RNA. A mathematical model is derived to account for the observed differences in the kinetics of the inhibition of synthesis of the gene products that are sensitive to the analog.
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PMID:Differential effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the concentrations of specific enzymes in hepatoma cells in culture. 439 42

1. Autografts and homografts of full thickness skin were made on a hind limb of rabbits. During the following days the appearance and histological changes of the grafts were studied; the lymph flow from the limb, and the enzyme activities in the supernatant and cell pellet of the lymph after centrifugation were determined, as well as the enzyme activities in the graft roof and the underlying host tissue. It was further examined whether a lymphatic and vascular connexion occurred between graft and host tissue.2. During the first 5 days the grafts changed from pale blue to bright pink, became swollen, soft and had a mild cellular inflammatory exudate. Autografts then became pale, took on the appearance of normal skin with the inflammatory changes subsiding, whereas homografts became firm, showed heavy mononuclear cell infiltration, had a blotchy purple appearance due to thrombosis and haemorrhage, developed widespread necrosis and changed into a black hard scab which was eventually shed. With high dose homografts (6-8 grafts) these changes occurred 1-2 days earlier than with low dose (2-4) grafts.3. The flow of lymph increased during the first 5 days after grafting, then returned to normal with autografts but remained increased with homografts.4. In the supernatant of the lymph the activities of LDH and beta-glucuronidase did not change during the first 5 days but activities of cathepsin, acid phosphatase, GOT and GPT increased. With the autografts the increase in the activities of these four enzymes then subsided, but with the homografts they increased further and there was an increase in the activities of LDH and beta-glucuronidase, even greater than in those of the other four enzymes.5. In the cell pellets of the lymph the activities of the six enzymes did not increase during the first 5 days; with homografts, but not with autografts, they then increased. These increases occurred even though the cell count in the pellet remained unchanged. Thus some of the lymphocytes must have become ;activated' to contain higher enzyme activities.6. The enzyme activities in the roof tissue did not parallel those in lymph. They did not change during the first three days. During the following three days the activities of acid phosphatase, LDH, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin increased, but not those of GOT and GPT which remained low. From then onwards the behaviour was different with auto- and homografts. With autografts only the activity of acid phosphatase continued to increase, those of LDH, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin decreased and those of GOT and GPT remained low. With homografts the activities of LDH, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin continued to increase and became even greater than in the supernatant of lymph, whereas the activities of acid phosphatase, GOT and GPT, remained low.7. In the bed tissue the activities of all six enzymes increased during the first 3 days after grafting, then the activities of GOT and GPT returned towards normal but those of the other four increased further. The only difference between auto- and homografts was that the increase in beta-glucuronidase and LDH activity was much greater with homografts.8. Lymph drainage became established with autografts on day 5 or 6 and then persisted. With homografts the dosage of grafts influenced the result. With low dosage (2-4 grafts) lymph drainage became established in a small percentage of the experiments, also on day 5 or 6, but it persisted for 2-3 days only. With high dosage, no lymph drainage became established. However, when the onset of rejection was delayed by treatment with cyclophosphamide lymph drainage became established also with high dosage homografts.9. Vascularization of the grafts was established on day 3 or 4, and persisted in autografts. In homografts a vascular shut down occurred at about the time of onset of rejection. It therefore occurred later with low than with high dosage and with high dosage on treatment with cyclophosphamide.10. It is concluded that the absence of lymph drainage from homografts is the cause of the small magnitude of increases in enzyme activities of lymph collected during and after their rejection. The increase results from ;activated' small lymphocytes which infiltrate the graft bed and junctional tissue and subsequently undergo necrosis, and that the establishment of a lymphatic connexion between the graft and host tissue is not a prerequisite for rejection.
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PMID:Lymph flow and changes in intracellular enzymes during healing and rejection of rabbit skin grafts. 494 93


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