Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase, a membrane-bound enzyme playing an important role in the active amino acid transport across cellular membranes, is shown to be elevated in the serum of patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy. No increase of AP, LAP, GOT and GPT activities in the sera of some of the patients studied is observed. Possible interpretations in relation to the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy are discussed.
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PMID:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Elevated activity in myotonic dystrophy. 0 80

The circadian rhythms of liver glycogen, plasma glucose, corticosterone and insulin, and hepatic activity of PK, G6PDH, ME, Ac, CoA carbox. PEP-CK and GPT were studied in adult rats. Animals either received a mixed diet ad libitum (8% protein) or a protein meal (1.1 g protein) given at 05:00 or 17:00 h, with free access to a protein-free diet (separately fed). When the protein meal was ingested during the lighted period (17:00) the 24-hour average level of liver PEP-CK was greater than in rats consuming protein during darkness (05:00). In the latter case, modification of the circadian rhythm of liver glycogen and of circadian rhythm of liver PK, G6PDH, ME and Ac.CoA carbox. activity (increase of 24 h average level, extension of period of high activity, sudden increase after ingestion of protein meal) were observed. Conversely, the circadian rhythm of plasma insulin and corticosterone and of liver PEP-CK and GPT activity were only slightly affected by the mode of feeding.
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PMID:Schedule of protein ingestion and circadian rhythm of certain hepatic enzyme activities involved in glucose metabolism in the rat. 0 45

Through the use of an assay that measures cellular capacity for specific enzyme synthesis, mRNA of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2; L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) was found to be degraded with a half-life of 12-14 hr in cultured Reuber H-35 cells; mRNA of tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5; L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) has a half-life of 2 hr in the same cells. Rates of degradation of the mRNAs are the same whether new mRNA accumulation is blocked by removal of the steroid inducer or by inhibition of mRNA synthesis (actinomycin). Cycloheximide inhibits the normally rapid turnover of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA, but agents such as puromycin and sodium fluoride, which disrupt polysome structure, do not alter the turnover rate of the tyrosine and alanine aminotransferase mRNAs. The tyrosine and alanine aminotransferase mRNAs appear to be translated at equivalent rates. The data suggest that the degradation rate of these two mRNAs is determined by the polynucleotide structure of the mRNA molecules at or near the site for ribosome binding and initiation.
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PMID:Differential degradation of messenger RNAs in mammalian cells. 0 77

Both gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammaGT) and pseudocholinesterase (PCE) were found to be increased in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. High values of gammaGT were noted in alcoholic subjects and especially in those with either increased serum triglyceride or alanine aminotransferase higher than 16 mU/ml, while PCE was not significantly changed in alcoholic subjects. Although both enzymes were strongly correlated with the logarithm of serum triglyceride and the prebeta electrophoretic fraction, there were striking differences concerning their behavior in various hypertriglyceridemic subjects. PCE activity was high even in moderate hypertriglyceridemias but its correlation with serum triglyceride had a tendency to flatten with increasing concentration of triglyceride. However, increase of gammaGT was rather characteristic for gross hypetriglyceridemia. Short-term, triglyceride-lowering therapy was accompanied by a tendency to normalization of gammaGT, while PCE values were not influenced. An attempt was made to interpret these changes of serum-enzyme activity in hypertriglyceridemia in connection with mechanisms of lipoprotein synthesis and with the pathogeny of hyperlipemic conditions.
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PMID:Increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in hypertriglyceridemia: comparison with serum pseudocholinesterase. 0 18

Twelve male duodenal ulcer in-patients received in a double-blind trial either the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (4 X 200 mg/d p.o.) or placebo capsules. Ulcer sizes were assessed endoscopically before therapy followed by repeat endoscopy at weekly intervals. Duodenal ulcer healing was significantly more rapid in cimetidine-treated patients than in those receiving the placebo (chi2 test; P less than 0.0005). Plotting of log ulcer sizes (mm2) against time (days) resulted in regression lines the slopes of which indicated the respective half-time of ulcer healing: about 6 days on cimetidine therapy and about 20 days on placebo treatment. Gastric secretion of acid, protein, pepsin, and N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing glycoproteins was not altered by a 4-week course of daily cimetidine or placebo, nor pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and enzymes. No statistically significant changes in laboratory findings (haemoglobin, white blood-cells, neutrophils, platelets, alkaline phosphatase, blood-urea, serum-creatinine, GOT, GPT) were associated with treatment.
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PMID:[Effective treatment of duodenal ulcer with cimetidine (author's transl)]. 1 Oct 86

In order to evaluate liver function during pregnancy the enzyme activities of GPT, GOT, GLDH, LDH, AP, LAP, gamma-GT and CHE were determined in 272 healthy pregnant women from the 16th week of gestation up to term. The normal range of GPT, GOT, GLDH, LDH, gamma-GT and CHE did not differ significantly from those in non-pregnant women. Increases in AP and LAP are conditioned by placental synthesis. The functional reserves of a healthy liver obviously suffice to compensate for increased demands during pregnancy. Increases in enzyme aktivities during pregnancy are not physiologic - except for increases in AP and LAP.
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PMID:[Liver function in undisturbed pregnancy]. 1 Nov 62

90 chronic alcoholics (55 men and 35 women, aged between 20 and 60 years) were investigated to determine how alcohol withdrawal effects the pattern of enzymes in plasma and if changes in this enzyme pattern could be used as criteria for evaluation of the recovery process. Among the different enzymes tested, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) and the transamines seemed the most suitable parameters. At the beginning of the alcohol withdrawal course, 79 out of 90 patients (80%) showed elevated values of one of these enzymes in plasma. GOT was elevated in 31 (34%), GPT in 24 (23%) and GGTP in 79 (88%) of the cases. In 49 patients (54%) GGTP was the only enzyme found to be elevated. The values of GGTP were on the average higher than those of GOT and GPT. GGTP has thereforeto be regarded as the most sensitive enzyme since it was elevated in most of the patients. GGTP reacted with 6.8 times more sensitivity than GOT and 6.3 times that of GPT. After withdrawal of alcohol the three enzymes showed a decline in all 79 patients. The transaminases normalized faster than GGTP. GTP fell into the upper normal limit after only 30 days. Among the 90 alcoholics examined, 14 relapsed during the alcohol withdrawal course. After the new excess of alcohol intake, the GGTP in plasma rose immediately. Alcohol abuse was suspected in 50% of the patients due to the increase in this enzyme and was subsequently confirmed by the patients. Acute alcohol loading in normal volunteers did not lead to an increase in GGTP activity. A comparison of the histology of liver biopsy material showed that neither the transaminases nor the alkaline phosphatase and GGTP served to differentiate the various forms of alcoholic liver damage. However, GGTP represents the most sensitive enzymatic parameter for the detection of alcoholic liver disease. This enzyme is useful in evaluating the success of a course of alcohol deprivation. The decreasing values during such treatment, as well as the prompt increase after a relapse, points to the high sensitivity of this enzyme. A further argument is that in 54% of the patients elevation of GGTP only was present. Since no liver damage could be demonstrated in these patients with the aid of the other liver enzymes, the elevation of GGTP may be related to the alcohol intake through an enzyme induction mechanism such as has been demonstrated for this enzyme with certain drugs.
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PMID:[The behavior of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and other liver enzymes in the plasma during alcohol withdrawal treatments]. 1 56

In well defined liver diseases in 69 alcoholics and in 71 patients without history of alcoholism the enzymatic findings were compared. Also a group of 43 alcoholics with praedelirium or delirium tremens were examined. In steatosis due to alcohol, the average of GGTP (145 U/l) attains values two times higher than in comparable cases of non-alcoholic origin (73 U/l). In cirrhotics with alcoholism, the average GGTP levels (477 U/l) exceed those obtained in patients with cirrhosis of other origin (110 U/l), four times more. Similar or higher GGTP values were found only in primary biliary cirrhosis. After a period of at least 3 months of abstinence, GGTP values had decreased (to 68 U/l) in the average). The highest values of GGTP were found in acute alcoholic hepatitis and in chronic alcoholics with praedelirium or delirium tremens. GGTP accords diagnostic hints in comparison with other enzymes, as shown by a quotient of GGTP-GPT. GGTP is very helpful for differentiation and long time observation of alcoholic liver disease, especially with regards controlling abstinence of alcohol.
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PMID:[Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase in alcoholic liver diseases]. 1 29

Local inflammation evoked in Swiss albino mice by subcutaneous injection of Celite resulted in a rise of liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity and plasma level of fibrinogen and seromucoid, while liver alanine aminotransferase activity and plasma level of fibrinogen and seromucoid, while liver alanine aminotransferase activity and the plasma level of albumin and total protein remained unaltered. By measuring the incorporation of [14C] leucine, stimulation of liver and plasms protein synthesis by Celite injection was demonstrated. Administration of D-galactosamine (2-5 mg/10 g body weight) inhibited the enhanced synthesis of liver proteins, and especially of trauma-induced synthesis of plasma fibrinogen and seromucoid. The inhibitory effect of galactosamine was most pronounced when the amino sugar was injected simultaneously with Celite and then protein synthesis was measured 6 h later. The results obtained support the idea that high doses of galactosamine inhibit transcription of trauma-inducible mRNA in the liver and thus block the acute-phase response.
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PMID:Inhibition of the liver and plasma protein acute-phase response in mice by D-galactosamine. 1 81

The stabilities of nine rat liver cytosol enzymes were compared at a variety of pH values. The cytosol enzymes studied were (a) those with half-lives in vivo of 3 days or longer: lactate dehydrogenase, arginase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase, (b) those with half-lives in vivo shorter than 2 days; glucokinase, dihydroorotase, serine dehydratase and tyrosine aminotransferase and (c) catalase, which has an intermediate half-life of 2.5 days for the protein protion. All the enzymes were stable in vitro at neurtal and alkaline pH values. However, at acidic pH values (pH 4): the long-lived enzymes (a) were stable; the short-lived enzymes (b) were completely inactivated with one exception; and catalase was partially inactivated. Tyrosine aminotransferase was the exception in that it is a short-lived enzyme in vivo but stable under all conditions tested in vitro. The finding that long-lived enzymes are stable in an acid milieu and short-lived enzymes are generally unstable was only observed if certain ligands (NAD+, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, Mn2+, amino acids) were added to the invitro system. Lysosomal extracts did not accelerate the rate of inactivation of any cytosol enzyme in acidic solutions. These results indicate that if degradation of intracellular enzymes occurs in lysosomes, acid inactivation and denaturation of enzymes may be the initial event in determining the functional half-lives of the enzymes in vivo.
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PMID:Acid inactivation of short-lived rat liver enzymes. 1 3


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