Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole (indenoindole) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation were examined. Indenoindole (25 mg/kg body weight) ameliorated the increase in liver enzymes appearing in the plasma 24 hr after CCl4 administration, with about a 63% reduction for alanine transaminase, 56% for ornithine transcarbamylase and 84% for alkaline phosphatase. Indenoindole also partially prevented, in a dose-dependent fashion, the decrease in hepatic cytochromes P-450, total tissue reducing equivalents and hepatic ascorbate levels resulting 4 hr after CCl4 administration. In a homogeneous chemical system consisting of purified soybean phospholipid substrate in chlorobenzene, azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated lipid peroxidation was inhibited by indeno-indole, with 50% inhibition occurring at about 17 microM. Inhibition by indenoindole of iron-ascorbate-initiated lipid peroxidation in aqueous buffer containing phospholipid vesicles was about tenfold more efficient, with 50% inhibition occurring at about 1.5 microM. Presumably, this was due to the increased concentration of indenoindole in the membrane of the phospholipid vesicle. The efficiency of inhibition of lipid peroxidation was in the order of indenoindole = butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) greater than alpha-tocopherol much greater than indole greater than indene. These 50% inhibition values of lipid peroxidation for these compounds were similar in an assay system composed of NADPH-fortified mouse-liver microsomes initiated with CCl4. For indenoindole, the 50% inhibition value (1.3 microM) was more than two orders of magnitude less than the spectral binding constant for indenoindole to mouse-liver cytochrome P-450 (Kd = 236 microM), implying that the partial inhibition of metabolic activation of CCl4 was not responsible for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation observed with indenoindole in this system. It appears that indenoindole may trap reactive radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro. Regardless of whether inhibition is at the level of scavenging CCl4 metabolite radicals, or lipid radicals in membranes, radical trapping provides a plausible mechanism by which this compound inhibited CCl4 hepatotoxicity.
 ...
PMID:Protection against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole, a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. 316 51

Phenobarbitone pretreatment potentiated hepatocyte lesions in male rats 24 hr after treatment with 1-fluoropentane (3.5 mg/kg body weight) and 1-fluorohexane (0.17 mg/kg body weight). Serum levels of the enzymes ornithine carbamyltransferase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were significantly elevated by the test compounds with the peak effect occurring 24-72 hr after a single ip administration. Significant elevation of hepatocyte triglyceride content and mitochondrial calcium and citrate levels were demonstrated 24 and 48 hr after a single ip injection of 1-fluoropentane or 1-fluorohexane, respectively.
 ...
PMID:A comparative study of the hepatotoxicity of 1-fluoropentane and 1-fluorohexane. 319 37

Indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) was examined for its ability to protect mice against 24-hr N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-mediated hepatotoxicity. NDMA (20 mg/kg body weight) alone produced extensive hemorrhagic and centrolobular necrotic lesions, with a necrotic severity index of 3.0 +/- 0.4 (scale of 0-5). Treatment with 50 mg/kg body weight of I-3-C by gavage, 1 hr prior to NDMA, substantially protected against hemorrhagic lesions. Furthermore, I-3-C lowered the NDMA-mediated tissue necrotic index to 1.5 +/- 0.3, by reducing the extent of tissue necrosis rather than the severity in the necrotic region. Release of liver enzymes into the blood correlated with the histopathology; I-3-C reduced NDMA-mediated elevated activities of plasma alanine transaminase and ornithine transcarbamylase by 84 and 51.3%, respectively. Although no changes in nonprotein sulfhydryls were evident at 24-hr after NDMA, ascorbate levels were reduced to 40% of control values. However, treatment with I-3-C prior to NDMA prevented the decline in tissue ascorbate concentrations. In vitro, I-3-C was found to be a type II ligand for cytochrome P-450, with a Ks value of 237 microM. However, if such binding occurs in vivo, it does not protect against the approximately 60% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 or the 80% decrease in NDMA demethylase I activity produced by NDMA. Since I-3-C slightly enhances cytochrome P-450 content and NDMA demethylase activity, the histopathologic protection by I-3-C must be due to factors other than inhibiting metabolic activation of NDMA.
 ...
PMID:Protection from N-nitrosodimethylamine-mediated liver damage by indole-3-carbinol. 365 48

Studied was the enzyme constellation, resp., activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), aldolase (ALD), leucin-aminopeptidase (LAP), cholinesterase (CE), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and guanase (G) in a total of 360 clinically normal and lactating and dry cows of the Black-and-White and Simmental crossbreeds. Characteristic quantitative changes were found with GOT, GPT, ALD, LDH, and CPK both over the dry period and over the entire period of lactation. The activity of LAP, AP, OCT, and G was not influenced by the functional status of the animals. In the course of the analyses there were changes in the serum ALD, CE, and GOT, associated with the breed. The enzymes referred to were studied with a view to establishing their normal parameters needed for the practice as the base to demonstrate preclinical disturbances in individual organs and tissues of the cows during pregnancy and the puerperium.
 ...
PMID:[Enzyme constellation in cows of the Simmental crossbreed and Black Pied breed during the dry period and lactation]. 367 21

Benzyl chloride (BCL) is extensively used in industry for the manufacture of dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceutical products. A previous study from this laboratory revealed the presence of liver steatosis of the microvesicular type and central focal inflammation in rats following the inhalation of BCL. This study was conducted to investigate the hepatotoxicity of intravenous (iv) BCL in rat. BCL (250, 25, and 0 micrograms/kg) was administered (iv) to rats, and serum enzyme tests were used to evaluate hepatic injury. After 10 min from BCL administration, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased compared to the control group, while the values returned to normal within 1 h from the administration of BCL. Also, ornithine carbamyltransferase enzyme activity was significantly increased and reached a maximum as early as 0.5 h from the administration of BCL. Hepatic excretory function was investigated by the clearance of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) after 0.5 and 24 h from the administration of BCL. The clearance of BSP in both treatments was significantly slower compared to control group throughout the 24 h studied. Furthermore, BCL significantly decreased liver and blood glutathione values. This study revealed that BCL has the potential to cause hepatomalfunction.
 ...
PMID:Effect of benzyl chloride on rat liver functions. 371

Previous observations that valproic acid (VPA) causes hepatic damage prompted us to investigate the effect of large doses of the drug (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mmol/kg/day) on a number of liver enzymes located on different subcellular fractions. In mitochondria, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were significantly increased (1.8 mmol/kg/day). In microsomes, gamma-glutamyltransferase activity increased significantly (1.8 mmol/kg) and cytochrome P-450 content decreased significantly (1.2 and 1.8 mmol/kg). In cytosol, both aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were increased at all dose levels. These results indicate that VPA induces dose-dependent changes in some liver enzyme activities.
 ...
PMID:Effect of sodium valproate on subcellular fraction enzymes in rat liver. 393 26

The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), were determined in eight organs of 10 healthy male blue foxes. OCT was absolutely liver specific and ALT was also found to be liver specific. SDH was also found primarily in the liver but its activity was relatively low. GGT was found almost exclusively in the kidneys. The highest levels of AP were observed in the kidneys and in the intestines. LDH together with AST was present in high activities in all the tissues tested. CK activity was highest in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
 ...
PMID:Activities of some enzymes in the tissues of the blue fox (Alopex lagopus). 613 May 87

The toxicity and the distribution of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) were investigated by feeding rations containing different concentrations of PBB to sows during pregnancy and lactation. Sows and newborn pigs were clinically unaffected. Mortality was increased among pigs nursing sows fed rations containing PBB. Although transplacental passage of PBB resulted in an appreciable amount of PBB in tissues of newborn pigs, far more PBB were transferred to the pigs through the milk. On a body-weight basis, nursing pigs consumed PBB in concentrations similar to the concentrations given to the sows. The highest tissue concentrations of PBB (fat basis) were found in the liver, followed by the adipose tissue, kidney, and brain. Dietary concentrations of 10 mg of PBB/kg of feed increased serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and thyroid hormones of pigs, whereas dietary concentrations of 100 or 200 mg of PBB/kg of feed caused those values to decrease. Gross pathologic changes consisted of increased weight of the thyroid gland of newborn pigs and increased weight of the liver of 4-week-old pigs. Histologically, thyroid glands of newborn pigs were slightly hyperplastic, and the colloid was scant and vacuolated. In the liver, lesions consisted of fatty change and centrolobular necrosis; changes were more severe in the sows than in the pigs nursing those sows. Measuring serum concentrations of ornithine carbamoyltransferase was the most effective clinical test in assessing the degree of liver damage in the pigs.
 ...
PMID:Toxicosis in sows and their pigs caused by feeding rations containing polybrominated biphenyls to sows during pregnancy and lactation. 626 87

After prolonged application of ethanol the liver and brain of rats show an appreciable increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, noticeable lowering of cytoplasmic aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity, elevation of liver arginine succinate lyase activity with unchanged activities of other enzymes of the ornithine cycle (ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase), reduction of glutamate and malate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity in brain tissue. Concurrent application of ethanol and pyridoxine normalizes the effect of ethanol on liver arginine succinate lyase and on brain tissue lactate and malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
 ...
PMID:[Enzyme activity changes in chronic alcoholic intoxication and the simultaneous administration of pyridoxine]. 689 33

The effects of a high fat diet (30% (w/w) corn oil) on chronic streptozotocin-diabetic rats were investigated at the whole body level and at the enzyme level. The diet caused significant decreases in the extent of polydipsia (66% decrease), polyphagia (49%), polyuria (67%) and glycosuria (70%). The activities of selected hepatic enzymes from the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, ureogenic and lipogenic clusters were determined. The fat diet caused significant decreases (range: 47 to 54%) in the activity of the ureogenic enzymes carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase; had no effect on the glycolytic enzymes glucokinase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase; partially decreased the diabetes-induced elevated activities of the gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (63% decrease), serine dehydratase (90%), alanine aminotransferase (31%) and aspartate aminotransferase (65%), and partially reversed the activity of one lipogenic enzyme, ATP citrate lyase.
 ...
PMID:The effects of a high fat diet on chronic streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 692 68


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>