Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was serially measured in 47 hospitalized chronic alcoholics with liver disease. Compared to healthy controls, ACE activity, on admission, in the serum of alcoholics was significantly elevated (42.5 +/- 16.6 U/ml vs. 32.4 +/- 9.6 U/ml; p less than 0.005). About 36% of the patients had an elevated ACE level exceeding an upper normal value of 42 U/ml (mean +/- SD). In contrast to the rapid normalization of such enzymes as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) which represent parenchymal liver cell injury, the activity of ACE remained elevated over a period of 4 weeks even with abstinence. The serum level of ACE was significantly correlated with levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and monoamine oxidase, but not with those of AST, ALT and LDH. These data suggest increased ACE activity in alcoholics may be related to the influence of chronic consumption of alcohol on hepatic nonparenchymal systems.
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PMID:Mild but prolonged elevation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in alcoholics. 302 46

The pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline (NA) was measured in lungs removed from 3 day sham-operated rats and from rats whose bile ducts had been ligated 3 days earlier (BDL). The pulmonary metabolism of NA as measured by a single clearance of the radio-labelled 14C-amine was significantly increased in lungs excised from BDL rats as compared to that measured in the sham-operated rats. The change in metabolism was associated with an alteration in the pulmonary uptake of NA and not with the activities of the enzymes monoamine oxidase types A and B and catechol-O-methyl transferase. Moreover, it was not correlated with rises in the bilirubin or cholesterol concentrations in the serum of the BDL rats and occurred independent of any changes in pulmonary pressure. In a second series of experiments, the evolution of this abnormality over the period of one to six days postoperative was investigated. In the sham-operated rats, there was no significant change in the pulmonary metabolism of NA even by the sixth day. In contrast, there were time-dependent increases from one to six days in these metabolic processes in BDL rats with the highest values being at six days. In contrast, the serum concentrations of bilirubin and cholesterol and activities of the enzymes, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase all rose to their maximum by the fourth day and thereafter declined. Although serum albumin levels fell significantly in BDL rats they were not significantly different from sham-controls. Thus, change in pulmonary metabolism of NA with obstructive jaundice increases with time from one to six days and it not related to the blood chemical changes of biliary obstruction or hepatic synthetic function.
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PMID:Modification of pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline in experimental obstructive jaundice. 403 22

Discriminant analysis was used to discriminate between Reye syndrome (RS) patients and non-RS cases based either on conventional blood chemistry data obtained upon admission, or on the activities of hepatic mitochondrial enzymes in biopsy or necropsy tissue. The control group for blood chemistry measurements contained children with upper respiratory tract infections, varicella, etc. who did not develop RS, as well as healthy children. Subjects with no liver disorder (e.g., accidental death, sudden infant death, etc.) or with non-RS liver disorders were used as controls for hepatic enzyme studies. Hepatic damage indicators (aspartate aminotransferase, AST; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; and bilirubin) correctly classified 86-96% of non-RS cases and 61-71% of RS. By contrast, AST and ALT had little prognostic value (63% overall correct). Ammonia effectively classified favorable outcome cases (95% correct) but not unfavorable (14% correct). However, when ammonia was included with stage of coma information 88% of the favorable and 85% of the unfavorable outcome cases were correctly classified. Discriminant analysis of hepatic enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase activity) for a RS and a non-RS group correctly classified 80% of non-RS and 95% of RS specimens. The function was suitable for the direct evaluation of RS-like mitochondrial enzyme changes in rat liver.
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PMID:Prognosis and diagnosis of Reye syndrome by discriminant analysis. 404 46

The serum activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes were measured in 25 patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection (Group I), 26 patients with schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly and ascites (Group II) and 21 normal controls. The activities of these enzymes were compared with those of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The mean levels of MAO, GGT and GDH of Group I were not significantly different from controls. The mean levels of MAO and GGT in Group II, however, were significantly different from corresponding mean levels of Group I and the controls at P less than .001. Changes in the mean level of GDH and ALT were not significant. By contrast, the levels of AST and ALP in both groups showed significant elevation over control levels at P less than .001. These results indicate that estimation of the two enzymes MAO and GGT may aid in the biochemical differentiation of the stages of schistosomiasis and their associated hepatic complications.
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PMID:Serum enzyme tests in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. 612 67

The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ES 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and monoaminoxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) in the liver nuclei and mitochondria of human fes rises gradually beginning from the early periods of the antenatal development till birth and reaches the highest value in the last month of the fetus intra-uterine life. The monoaminoxidase activity is found in the liver nuclei of 21-32-week human feti. The activity of RNase (EC 2.7.7.16) and DNase (EC 3.1.4.5) in the liver nuclei is 10 and 15 times as low, respectively, by the 40th week of development, and 1.5 times as low in mitochondria.
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PMID:[Comparative characteristics of the activity of enzyme systems for nitrogen metabolism in the liver of human fetuses during embryogenesis]. 713 1

The activities of nine enzymes in liver specimens obtained from four children who had died from Reye's syndrome were compared to the corresponding activities of a control group of four children who had died from unrelated causes. At the 95% significance level, the alterations could be classified into three groups. Five activities [lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose 6-phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, and malate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial plus cytosolic)] showed no change. Three enzymes [glutamate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), and monoamine oxidase] were decreased. One activity (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was increased. The malate dehydrogenase isozymes were resolved by electrophoresis, and the two bands were stained and measured. The ratio of cytosolic:mitochondrial enzyme was significantly greater in Reye's syndrome than in the control group. These results lend further support to the view that in Reye's syndrome the impairment of hepatic function is largely confined to the mitochondria. The lowered activity of monoamine oxidase means that the abnormalities extend to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Imbalances of the cytosolic:mitochondrial enzyme activities were evaluated in needle biopsy specimens from four other children under conditions where neurologic abnormalities were less severe. Two patients had elevated ratios of both glutamate:lactate dehydrogenase and cytosolic:mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activities, and a third had only an abnormal malate dehydrogenase ratio. In contrast to these Reye's syndrome patients, a fourth case admitted with a provisional diagnosis of Reye's syndrome showed no abnormality in either ratio in stage IV coma.
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PMID:Comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial hepatic enzyme alterations in Reye's syndrome. 745 35

Organ Weight, hematologic and blood chemistry values were determined to establish reference values in the female ferret. Organ weight per kg body weight was calculated for various organs. Body surface area (BSA) was also determined by the direct method, and K values (constant) were calculated. The K value was 3.48 in the Dubois and Dubois equation, and 9.69 in the Meeh-Rubner equation. Blood samples were used to record 10 hematologic and 57 serum (plasma) chemistry values, and 7 immunological parameters. Among hematologic values, values whose coefficient of variation (cv) exceeded 30% were RBC, WBC and PLT. In blood chemistry, the CV of gamma-G, UA, ZTT, GPT, gamma-GTP, MAO, ALD and IgG exceeded 30%. In the total amino acid analysis, only the CV of TAU exceeded 30%. Electrophoretograms of amylase and CPK isozyme were quite different from those of humans. Although 1-MEHIS, 3-MEHIS and CAR have not been detected or are present in trace amounts in human plasma, concrete values were detected in female ferret plasma. Hematologic and serum chemistry values were in general agreement with normal values seen in cats and dogs. However, the alpha 1-G percentage, and ALP and amylase activities were lower than the corresponding values in cats and dogs. The RBC count, RET-C percentage and LDH activities were higher than in cats and dogs. Since there have been no comprehensive articles on reference values for the female ferret, the present report contributes to studies that involve this animal as an experimental model.
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PMID:Reference values for organ weight, hematology and serum chemistry in the female ferret (Mustela putrius furo). 851 87

Histochemical studies of myocardial biopsies from chronic chagasic patients at different evolutive stages showed a pattern primarily characterized by a marked increment in tissue enzymes such as mono-amine oxidase and lysosomal acid phosphatase. This cellular damage can be reflected by changes in certain serum enzymes associated with myocardial metabolism, specially in the coronary sinus, where the blood metabolized by the heart is drained. However, little is known about the possible changes in blood enzyme activity during chronic Chagas disease. In this investigation, the activity of the following enzymes glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid maltase (AM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH or LDH1) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was measured in blood serum of the superior cava vein (SCV), coronary sinus (CS) and pulmonary (PA) and femoral (FA) arteries of 45 chronic chagasic patients, ages between 20 and 55 yr, at different evolutive stages (groups IA, IB, II and III). The results demonstrate that the average activity of the enzymes studied in chagasic patients, except LDH and CPK, are significantly altered (p < 0.05) in the majority of the arterial and venous blood samples. The finding of released GOT, GPT, ALP, acid maltase and alpha-HBDH in groups IA and IB is an indication of early myocardial damage in chronic chagasic patients without clinical evidence of cardiac disease. In conclusion, it is suggested that the possible evolutive pattern for myocardial damage could be established by the increment in coronary sinus blood of the enzymes GOT, acid maltase and alpha-HBDH.
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PMID:Serum enzyme pattern and local enzyme gradients in chronic chagasic patients. 1265 70

This study was designed to investigate the potentially protective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and the role of transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2(NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in the regulation of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice. The potentially protective effects of GA on CCl(4)-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice were depicted histologically and biochemically. Firstly, histopathological changes including regenerative nodules, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were induced by CCl(4).Then, CCl(4) administration caused a marked increase in the levels of serum aminotransferases (GOT, GPT), serum monoamine oxidase (MAO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) as well as MAO in the mice liver homogenates. Also, decreased nuclear Nrf2 expression, mRNA levels of its target genes such as superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), and activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes were found after CCl(4) exposure. All of these phenotypes were markedly reversed by the treatment of the mice with GA. In addition, GA exhibited the antioxidant effects in vitro by on FeCl(2)-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver homogenates, and on DPPH scavenging activity. Taken together, these results suggested that GA can protect the liver from oxidative stress in mice, presumably through activating the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, enhancing the expression of its target genes and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, GA may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and viable candidate for treating liver fibrosis and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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PMID:The protective effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver fibrosis in mice via upregulation of Nrf2. 2334 68

This study investigated the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the development and function of ovine fetal liver. Eighteen ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups at d 90 of pregnancy: Restricted Group 1 (RG1, 0.175MJMEkgBW(-0.75)d(-1), n=6), Restricted Group 2 (RG2, 0.33MJMEkgBW(-0.75)d(-1), n=6) and a Control Group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67MJMEkgBW(-0.75)d(-1), n=6). Fetuses were recovered at slaughter on d 140. Fetuses in the RG1 group exhibited decreased (P<0.05) liver weight, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), cholinesterase (CHE), total protein (TP), globulin (GLB), and alanine transaminase (ALT). In addition, intermediate changes were found in the RG2 fetuses, including decreased liver weight, T-AOC and CHE (P<0.05). In contrast, increases in fetal hepatic collagen fibers and reticular fibers, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOs), monoamine oxidase (MAO), albumin (ALB)/GLB, aspartate transaminase (AST), and AST/ALT were found in the RG1 fetuses (P<0.05). The RG2 fetuses had increased fetal hepatic collagen fibers, NOs and MAO (P<0.05) relative to the control fetuses. These results indicate that impaired fetal hepatic growth, fibrosis, antioxidant imbalance and dysfunction were associated with maternal undernutrition.
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PMID:Effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the development and function of ovine fetal liver. 2485 70


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