Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Giardia lamblia is believed to be the earliest branching derivative from the eucaryotic lineage. Genomic and cDNA clones encoding the giardia NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase have been isolated and characterized. Southern hydridization using genomic DNA indicates that the gene encoding this activity is unique and single copy. Primer extension, S1 nuclease protection, and genomic and cDNA sequence analysis demonstrate that gene transcripts are initiated within a conserved AT-rich sequence element immediately preceding the ATG translation initiation codon and the short 5' untranslated region is not extended by transsplicing. The open reading frame is 1350 nucleotides in length and encodes a protein of 449 amino acids. The reading frame is not interrupted by introns and the primary transcript is probably not subjected to RNA editing. In the strictly anaerobic metabolism of giardia, NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity participates along with alanine aminotransferase, in the cyclic dissipation of reducing equivalents (NADPH) through the conversion of pyruvate to alanine. The deduced amino acid sequence of the giardia protein exhibits substantial homology to numerous fungal and eubacterial NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases. Comparisons of alignment gap positions and amino acid identities indicate that the giardia sequence is at least as similar or more similar to the eubacterial sequence than it is to the fungal sequence. This supports the hypothesis that giardia diverged very early from the eucaryotic lineage.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the primitive eucaryote Giardia lamblia. 155 91

Periportal (pp) or perivenous (pv) liver parenchymal cells from female adult Uje: WIST rats were isolated after retro- or antegrade digitonin infusion followed by collagenase perfusion in the opposite direction. The morphological results revealed a distinct acinar-related destruction of the pv- or pp-zone by digitonin. The remaining cells of the respective other zone showed a good structural maintenance. After subsequent conventional collagenase perfusion the yield, viability and structural integrity of the isolated hepatocytes were high. The zonal cell separation was indicated by significant differences in the pp marker glucose-6-phosphatase and the pv marker glutamine synthetase found in the isolated pp or pv cell populations. Under our experimental conditions including the use of female rats, the alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase as well as ethylmorphine N-demethylase and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities were evenly distributed in both preparations. Under stimulating conditions the capacity for urea synthesis was similar in both pv and pp cells.
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PMID:Biochemical and morphological studies on perivenous and periportal liver parenchymal cells from female rats isolated by digitonin-collagenase method. 168 Jul 46

1. The metabolism of glutamine and alanine in the lung was studied in rats made septic by a caecal ligation and puncture technique. 2. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly different in septic rats, but blood pyruvate, lactate, glutamine and alanine concentrations were markedly increased as compared with sham-operated rats. Conversely, blood ketone body and plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased in septic rats. Both plasma insulin and plasma glucagon concentrations were markedly elevated in response to sepsis. Sepsis resulted in a negative nitrogen balance. 3. Sepsis increased the rates of production of glutamine (52.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (38.9%, P less than 0.001) and glutamate (48.6%, P less than 0.001) by lung slices incubated in vitro. 4. Sepsis increased lung blood flow by 27.6% (P less than 0.05). Blood flow and arteriovenous concentration difference measurement across the lung of septic rats showed an increase in the net exchange rates of glutamine (142.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (129.4%, P less than 0.001), glutamate (100.9%, P less than 0.001) and ammonia (138.0%, P less than 0.001) as compared with sham-operated control rats. 5. Sepsis produced significant decreases in the lung concentrations of glutamine (36.8%), glutamate (20.8%), 2-oxoglutarate (64.8%) and AMP (18.3%). The lung concentrations of alanine (95.9%), ammonia (67.7%) and pyruvate (89.7%) were increased. 6. The maximal activities of glutamine synthetase (20.4%, P less than 0.05), phosphate-dependent glutaminase (18.9%, P less than 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (25.5%, P less than 0.05) were increased, but there was no marked change in that of glutamate dehydrogenase, in the lungs of septic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glutamine and alanine metabolism in lungs of septic rats. 168 36

The inability of the 'ethanol/high vitamin A Lieber-DeCarli diet' to induce liver fibrosis in two different rat strains was further evaluated by determining changes in parameters of liver cell damage and of retinoid and lipid metabolism. In the ethanol/vitamin A-treated group, slight but constant hepatic cell damage, as indicated by elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in blood, was already observed at 6 months and maintained until the time of death at 16 months. Serum gamma-glutamyl transaminase activities were not raised. Moderate parenchymal liver cell damage was not accompanied by fibrosis. Hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia were observed at 6-16 months of chronic alcohol administration. This response was strain dependent. In ethanol-treated rats of both strains, total liver retinoids and serum retinol concentrations were not altered. Therefore, the hypothesis that interaction between alcohol and retinoids is a major factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, needs to be reconsidered.
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PMID:Chronic administration of ethanol with high vitamin A supplementation in a liquid diet to rats does not cause liver fibrosis. 2. Biochemical observations. 174 28

The effect of cercal deafferentation (cercectomy) on the ganglionic protein metabolism of the cricket, Gryllotalpa africana was studied. Significant changes in the activities of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were observed in the terminal ganglion following unilateral and bilateral cercectomy.
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PMID:Cercal sensory regulation of ganglionic protein metabolism in the field cricket, Gryllotalpa africana. 179 75

The maximal rate (Vmax) of some mitochondrial enzyme activities related to energy transduction (citrate synthase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase) and amino acid metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) are evaluated in non synaptic ("free") and intrasynaptic mitochondria from brain hippocampus. The different mitochondrial populations were isolated from rat subjected to single i.p. treatment with saline solution, almitrine (30 mg/kg) and delta-yohimbine (10 mg/kg). In control rats, the mitochondrial populations exhibit different enzymatic patterns. Acute treatment with almitrine decreases cytochrome oxidase activity in intra-synaptic mitochondria, while acute treatment with delta-yohimbine decreases succinate dehydrogenase activity in both types of free and intra-synaptic mitochondria. NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity is also decreased by acute treatment with almitrine ("free" and "synaptic" mitochondria) and delta-yohimbine (synaptic mitochondria only).
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PMID:Factors involved in drug interference on enzyme activities of three mitochondrial populations from rat hippocampus. 180 34

Seventeen serum markers (including 9 enzyme activities) for eventual tissue damage were studied after ESWL in 40 patients with unilateral kidney calculosis. No changes were established in the 8 non-enzymic parameters and the activities of amylase, lipase, AST (GOT), ALT (GPT) and CK-MB. A statistically significant increase was found in LDH, alpha-HBDH, CK (twice) and glutamate dehydrogenase (3 times). The slight elevation of LDH and alpha-HBDH could be due to haemolysis caused by the shock waves. Increased activity of CK suggested myolysis and that of GlDH a hepatocellular damage.
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PMID:Acute changes of serum markers for tissue damage after ESWL of kidney stones. 188 66

In liver and serum, AST activity is dependent on two isoenzymes, which are mitochondrial and cytosolic in nature. In an attempt to explain the well-known increase of serum mitochondrial AST-to-total AST ratio in chronic alcoholism (which is due to a specific increase of the mitochondrial isoenzyme), we analyzed: (a) liver and serum AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in 23 active drinkers with minimal liver changes, 11 alcoholic patients with cirrhosis who had stopped drinking, 18 nonalcoholic patients with viral chronic hepatitis and 11 subjects with normal livers; and (b) the expression of messenger RNAs for AST isoenzymes in the corresponding liver samples. Enzymatic activities were decreased in the liver irrespective of the origin of the liver disease. In patients with viral chronic hepatitis (or in those with alcoholic cirrhosis when abstinent), variations in liver proteins and messenger RNAs paralleled significant decreases in mitochondrial AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase and a nonsignificant decrease of cytosolic AST. In alcoholic patients with minimal liver changes, the significant decrease of hepatic cytosolic AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase activities contrasted with a close-to-normal liver mitochondrial AST activity; the increased amounts of mitochondrial AST messenger RNA give evidence for a pretranslational mechanism of regulation, indicating a possible increase in the total production of mitochondrial AST in the liver. The decrease of hepatic cytosolic AST activity was statistically significant only in alcoholic patients without cirrhosis who had a normal cytosolic AST mRNA level, thus suggesting a contributory role of translational or posttranslational regulation. In conclusion, regulation of AST isozymes during liver disease is complex, including differential, pretranslational and translational or posttranslational mechanisms.
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PMID:Hepatic activity and mRNA expression of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease. 191 63

Changes in the protein metabolism of gill, kidney and intestine of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio exposed to 1, 15 and 30 days to sublethal concentration (0.1 mg/l) of mercury were studied. The total, soluble and structural protein contents recorded the depletion followed by progressive increase in accumulation of free aminoacids. Concurrently, the activity of protease in the tissues was also increased. A steady enhancement in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase paralleled the elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the organs studied. Levels of ammonia and urea have also reported elevation. All these changes clearly documented the induction of severe proteolysis. The magnitude of these changes increased overtime. These changes were more in the gill at the initial periods of exposure (1 and 15 days), but as the period of exposure increased, these changes were more pronounced in the kidney at 30 days of exposure to sublethal concentration of mercury.
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PMID:Shifts in protein metabolism in some organs of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio under mercury stress. 193 Feb 54

The toxicity of temelastine 2-[4-(5-bromo-3-methylpyrid-2-yl)butylamino]-5-[(6-methylpyrid+ ++-3-yl) methyl]-4-pyrimidone a potent, selective, competitive histamine H1-receptor antagonist was examined in dogs and rats. The major toxicological response seen in the dog was marked, but intermittent and reversible, increases in the plasma activity of a number of liver-associated enzymes, viz alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The increases first seen in two male dogs treated for 30 consecutive days at a dose of 300 mg/kg became apparent at lower doses, i.e., 100 and 33.3 mg/kg/day, in 6- and 12-month studies. Although the increases were suggestive of hepatotoxicity, the only histological changes were increases in hepatocellular lipofuscin pigment and foci of macrophages seen in dogs treated at 300 mg/kg for 12 months. Rats treated for up to 12 months at doses as high as 300 mg/kg/day showed no treatment-related increases in plasma enzymes although increases in liver weights and hepatocellular lipofuscin pigment together with centrilobular hypertrophy were seen in the 300 mg/kg/day treatment group. To investigate differences in hepatic responsiveness between species dogs, rats, and monkeys were exposed to high concentrations of temelastine by continuous 24-hr intravenous infusion. The results of the study showed the dog to be most sensitive to the hepatic effects of temelastine. The major toxicological effect of temelastine in the rat was a histopathological lesion of the thyroid gland characterized by agglomeration and depletion of colloid, follicular epithelial hypertrophy and reduced follicular size. The no-effect dose for this lesion was between 10 and 33.3 mg/kg/day. These histopathological changes, characteristic of a "TSH-driven" thyroid gland, were not seen in the thyroid glands of dogs.
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PMID:Comparative toxicology of temelastine. A novel H1 antagonist in dog, rat, and monkey. 196 6


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