Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in the protein metabolism of gill, kidney and intestine of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio exposed to 1, 15 and 30 days to sublethal concentration (0.1 mg/l) of mercury were studied. The total, soluble and structural protein contents recorded the depletion followed by progressive increase in accumulation of free aminoacids. Concurrently, the activity of protease in the tissues was also increased. A steady enhancement in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase paralleled the elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the organs studied. Levels of ammonia and urea have also reported elevation. All these changes clearly documented the induction of severe proteolysis. The magnitude of these changes increased overtime. These changes were more in the gill at the initial periods of exposure (1 and 15 days), but as the period of exposure increased, these changes were more pronounced in the kidney at 30 days of exposure to sublethal concentration of mercury.
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PMID:Shifts in protein metabolism in some organs of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio under mercury stress. 193 Feb 54

The toxicity of temelastine 2-[4-(5-bromo-3-methylpyrid-2-yl)butylamino]-5-[(6-methylpyrid+ ++-3-yl) methyl]-4-pyrimidone a potent, selective, competitive histamine H1-receptor antagonist was examined in dogs and rats. The major toxicological response seen in the dog was marked, but intermittent and reversible, increases in the plasma activity of a number of liver-associated enzymes, viz alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The increases first seen in two male dogs treated for 30 consecutive days at a dose of 300 mg/kg became apparent at lower doses, i.e., 100 and 33.3 mg/kg/day, in 6- and 12-month studies. Although the increases were suggestive of hepatotoxicity, the only histological changes were increases in hepatocellular lipofuscin pigment and foci of macrophages seen in dogs treated at 300 mg/kg for 12 months. Rats treated for up to 12 months at doses as high as 300 mg/kg/day showed no treatment-related increases in plasma enzymes although increases in liver weights and hepatocellular lipofuscin pigment together with centrilobular hypertrophy were seen in the 300 mg/kg/day treatment group. To investigate differences in hepatic responsiveness between species dogs, rats, and monkeys were exposed to high concentrations of temelastine by continuous 24-hr intravenous infusion. The results of the study showed the dog to be most sensitive to the hepatic effects of temelastine. The major toxicological effect of temelastine in the rat was a histopathological lesion of the thyroid gland characterized by agglomeration and depletion of colloid, follicular epithelial hypertrophy and reduced follicular size. The no-effect dose for this lesion was between 10 and 33.3 mg/kg/day. These histopathological changes, characteristic of a "TSH-driven" thyroid gland, were not seen in the thyroid glands of dogs.
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PMID:Comparative toxicology of temelastine. A novel H1 antagonist in dog, rat, and monkey. 196 6

The behaviour of enzymes putatively involved in glutamate/aspartate transmitter metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino-transferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase) was studied in the striatum 3, 7, 14 days and 7 weeks after mechanical destruction of corticostriatal fibres. For a period of up to seven days after unilateral lesion, enzyme activities were significantly diminished (by up to 13% based on protein) in the ipsilateral striatum as compared to the striatum of the intact side. Later, the enzyme activities in the ipsilateral striatum recovered. After seven weeks, an increase was observed for glutamate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the activity of alanine aminotransferase showed a transient rise enzyme levels is interpreted as being attributable to the destruction of nerve endings which are considered to be glutamatergic, interfering with various compensating processes (e.g. glial cell proliferation) which occur with advancing times after lesion.
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PMID:Changes in glutamate-related enzyme activities in the striatum of the rat following lesion of corticostriatal fibres. 196 6

Viable toadfish hepatocytes were separated into distinct subpopulations by gradient centrifugation. Although 3-5 density subpopulations were obtained for each fish, only two metabolically and enzymatically different subpopulations could be discerned. In all cases, hepatocytes with the lowest density (less than 1.040 g ml-1) were more oxidative in scope, as judged by the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase); activities of these enzymes (normalised to cell protein) were on average two- to threefold higher than in subpopulations with higher densities. Lower-density hepatocytes also contained higher levels of the urea cycle enzymes arginase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase. The higher-density subpopulations showed no significant differences from each other in enzymatic activities. Compared with lower-density cells, these hepatocytes had higher activities of two cytosolic enzymes, malate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase. There was no distinct distribution pattern for alanine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase. Despite generally lower oxidative enzyme content, higher-density hepatocytes were metabolically more active, with 2.5- to fourfold higher rates of urea synthesis, gluconeogenesis and oxidation of lactate. We conclude that, although the toadfish liver shows distinct enzymatic and metabolic heterogeneity, this heterogeneity is dissimilar to the zonation pattern in the livers of mammals, in that separated toadfish hepatocyte types did not appear to possess exclusive metabolic functions. Notably, all cells were capable of metabolic functions that are strictly localised in mammalian liver. In nitrogen metabolism, glutamine synthetase displays a distribution pattern commensurate with its unique metabolic function in the liver of the ureogenic toadfish. Further, all subpopulations possessed detoxification capabilities as indicated by high levels of glutathione-S-transferase, a 'phase II' conjugation enzyme.
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PMID:Metabolic and enzymatic heterogeneity in the liver of the ureogenic teleost Opsanus beta. 205 Nov 31

No interactions related to the analytical method were observed between chlorpromazine (1) or carbamazepine (2) and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). With respect to its cytotoxic potential 1 in cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes increased markedly the release of enzymes into the culture medium, whereas the overall activities of the enzymes were not influenced. 2 in cultured hepatocytes caused no significant effects on the activities of the enzymes investigated. Besides the investigation of methodically related interactions in pooled human serum the methodic procedure including the use of cultures of isolated hepatocytes allows to study also pharmacologically and toxicologically related interactions between drugs and diagnostically relevant liver enzymes.
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PMID:[The effect of chlorpromazine and carbamazepine on diagnostically relevant liver enzymes]. 208 Feb 2

The hepatotoxic and lipid peroxidative potentials of t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) towards isolated perfused rat livers were investigated at doses of 1 and 3 mmol l-1. t-BuOOH led to a concentration-dependent release of cytosolic (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase) and mitochondrial (glutamate dehydrogenase) enzymes, an accumulation of calcium in the liver, a marked depletion of hepatic glutathione and an enhanced release of it into the perfusate, as well as an enhanced formation and release of malondialdehyde (MDA) by the liver. These effects were blocked in the presence of the potent iron chelator deferrioxamine, and enhanced in livers from iron-overloaded as well as in livers from glutathione-depleted rats. Our results indicate that the hepatotoxic and pro-oxidant actions of organic hydroperoxides depend upon the presence of ionized iron as a catalyst of radical-forming breakdown reactions, and are potentiated by impairment of glutathione-dependent detoxification reactions.
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PMID:The role of iron and glutathione in t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced damage towards isolated perfused rat livers. 225 82

During an ultra-long-distance race (1000 km in 20 days) the influence of running was examined on the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) with regard to their release from the liver cells or their induction. Furthermore the liver synthetic capacity was assayed by measuring the enzyme activity of cholinesterase and the concentration of serum albumin during the race. Of the 110 participants, 55 finished the race and only the results of these runners were used in our study. AP increased continuously from day 0 (mean = 102 U/L) to day 19 (mean = 120 U/L). A fivefold increase of AST and a twentyfold increase of CK up to day 3 was followed by a significant decrease towards the end of the race. ALT rose as well up to day 6 from a mean value of 8 U/L to 24 U/L but remained at this level. Surprising was the individual increase of the enzymes GLDH (up to twentyfold) and GGT (up to sixfold) in more than half of the finishers on various days indicating liver cell injuries. The activity of CHE and the concentration of serum albumin decreased during the race, both were significantly correlated.
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PMID:Ultra-long-distance running and the liver. 228 82

The activities of alanine-, aspartate- and branched-chain amino-acid transaminases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and adenylate deaminase in white adipose tissue of adult male rats have been determined in animals submitted to 12-h cold exposure (4 degrees C) or to 24-h food deprivation. Starvation resulted in small changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase when expressed per unit of protein weight, inducing an increase in branched-chain amino-acid transaminase and glutamine synthetase. Cold exposure showed the same effects as starvation with respect to glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase, but induced increases in glutamine synthetase and aspartate transaminase. It is concluded that starvation increases the handling of some amino acids by white adipose tissue and the detoxification of the ammonia thus evolved. The changes observed suggest a different pattern of amino-acid metabolism enzyme changes with either cold or starvation.
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PMID:Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in rat white adipose tissue. 243 May 32

To contribute to our understanding of nitrogen metabolism in the developing chick we have studied in liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane the ontogeny of both aspartate- and alanine transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, adenylate deaminase, glutamine synthetase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities. Liver enzyme activities were much higher than those of the same enzymes in intestine and yolk sac membrane, the latter having the lowest activities. In the liver, both alanine transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase increased their activity just before hatching, xanthine dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase develop their highest activity just after hatching, while aspartate transaminase and adenylate deaminase attained the highest levels just with adulthood. From the pattern of enzyme activity in yolk sac membrane and intestine it can be inferred that after hatching, the amino-acid metabolism in these tissues is considerably enhanced, with higher production of ammonia from amino acids, as indicated by the rise in adenylate deaminase, as well as increased potentiality in production of both alanine and glutamine. It can be concluded that hatching coincides with a deep change of pace in amino-acid metabolism in the organs studied fully comparable with that observed in Mammals at the end of lactation, with the difference that the adaptation to the new diet in the case of the chick is much more sudden than weaning is for the rat.
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PMID:Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in the liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane of developing domestic fowl. 243 52

1. The objective of the present experiment was to study the effects of oak (Quercus incana) leaves rich in tannins on various enzyme activities of the bovine rumen. 2. The procedure employed was incubation of tannin-rich, very-low-tannin or virtually tannin-free leaves in nylon-gauze bags in the rumen, and determination of enzyme activities in microbes tightly bound to the solid matrix and in microbes loosely plus tightly attached to the solid matrix. 3. The activities of urease (EC 3.5.1.5), carboxymethylcellulose, glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) and alanine aminotransferase (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) (EC 2.6.1.2) were significantly lower in the tannin-rich group, whereas the activities of glutamate ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) (EC 6.3.1.2; both gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2) and the forward reaction) were higher in the tannin-rich group. These changes were more marked in micro-organisms tightly bound to the solid matrix than in the more complex microbial compartment. 4. The protein, DNA and RNA contents, and protein: RNA ratio, were significantly lower in the tannin-rich group, whereas no difference was observed for protein: DNA between the groups. 5. Effects of tannin-containing extracts of oak leaves on various rumen enzymes in vitro showed a trend similar to that observed in nylon-gauze bags, suggesting that the changes observed in various compartments were due to the tannins of oak leaves.
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PMID:Effect of tannin-rich leaves of oak (Quercus incana) on various microbial enzyme activities of the bovine rumen. 246 31


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