Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of the serum proteins C3, TF, HP, GC, BF, AMY2, PLG, GM, and KM and the erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms GLO, GPT, ESD, ACP, 6-PGD, ADA, AK, PGM1 and PGP amongst twelve population groups in Hungary was investigated. Gene frequencies and genetic distances are discussed in relation to the present geographical locations of these groups and their probable history of migration.
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PMID:Serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms in twelve population groups of Hungary. 766 45

In Greenland, and especially East Greenland (Tasiilaq), a common recessive disease, cholestasis familiaris groenlandica (CFG)/Byler-like disease, occurs in Eskimo children [1]. In a period from 1964-1991, at least 22 children out of about 2,121 newborns were born with this disease (gene frequency q = 0.102). Samples from 126 persons, from a large pedigree in East Greenland including 7 affected and from two families in West Greenland with a total of 3 affected children, have been collected for studying 45 polymorphic markers and for mapping the CFG disease. Polymorphisms and exclusion data were found for the following markers: A1BG, ABO, ACP1, AHSG, C1R, C6, FY, GC, GLO1, GPT, HP, ITIH1, JK, GYPA, GYPB, ORM, P1, PGM1, PI, PON, RH and TCN2. Small positive lod scores (Z < 1.5) were found to the following markers: ITIH1, JK and TCN2. The following markers were nonpolymorphic in this material: ADA, AK1, ALAD, APOA4, APOH, BF, C3, BCHE, CHE2, CO, ESD, FUCA2, F13A1, F13B, KEL, LE, FUT1, LU, PEPD, PGD, PGP, PLG, FUT2, SOD1 and TF.
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PMID:Linkage studies of cholestasis familiaris groenlandica/Byler-like disease with polymorphic protein and blood group markers. 834 70

The compiled data on the distribution of polymorphic serum proteins (HP, C3, GC), red cell enzymes (ESD, GlO1, PGD, AK1, ADA, GPT, PGP, PGM1, ACP1) and also on some monomorphic systems (ALB, CAI, CAII, CP, G6PD, HBA, HBB, IDH1, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, PEPA, PEPB, PEPC, PGM2, PHI, TF) in the Caucasus are presented. The interpopulation heterogeneity test shows a high level of genetic differentiation in the following loci: HP, GC, ESD, AK1, TF, PGD. Gene frequencies in the Caucasian ethnic groups were found to be approximately equidistant from those of European and West Asian populations, in line with their geographical location.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphisms of the Caucasus ethnic groups: distribution of some serum protein and red cell enzyme genetic markers (Part I). 863 20

Regional variation in the genetic constitution and genetic differentiation of three tribal populations (Koya, Lambadi, and Chenchu) of Andhra Pradesh, South India, was examined from the data of 27 polymorphic loci (9 blood groups, 13 red cell enzymes, and 5 serum proteins). Significant heterogeneity was observed among the three tribal groups at several loci (ABO, RH, P, ADA, PGM, ACP, ESD, PGD, GPT, HP, C3, and BF). Pairwise comparisons also showed significant genetic differences between the Koya and the Chenchu at seven loci, between the Koya and the Lambadi at nine loci, and between the Chenchu and the Lambadi at seven loci. Gene differentiation among the three tribes was sufficient to allow an overall excess of heterozygosity. The FIS estimates of each tribe showed positive values, but a great number of alleles showed negative FIS values, supporting varying degrees of gene flow and admixture with neighboring populations. The genetic differentiation and affinity of 14 tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh were further examined using published and unpublished data on 11 polymorphic genetic systems. Despite the genetic distinctions between two Chenchu samples and Koya and Koya-related tribes (Koya Dora and Konda Dora), geographic proximity seems to be an important determinant of affinity of the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. The extent of genetic diversity is high compared with previous reports from this state. No evidence from the present data indicates that selection had any appreciable effect on local differentiation, but the present analysis suggests that differences are more likely to be maintained by genetic drift, admixture, and inbreeding.
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PMID:Genetic study of the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, south India. 905 43

An increase of alcohol dehydrogenase activity is observed in patients with chronic alcoholism at the first stage of the disease under normal indices of activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase and thymol sample that evidences for the induction of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis in the liver. At the second stage of alcoholism the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase, the index of thymol sample increase while activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase decreases that indicates to organic destructive changes in the liver. At the third stage of alcoholism one can observe the decrease in activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase relative to activity of these enzymes at the second stage, that can evidence for the increase of the possibility of the processes of synthesis of the liver. The correlation of alcohol dehydrogenase activity to that of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the process of formation and development of alcoholism is shifted towards the progressive accumulation of acetaldehyde. Parallel increase of dopamine concentration in blood creates conditions for formation of morphine-like alcaloides--products of condensation of acetaldehide with dopamine.
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PMID:[Dopamine content in blood and activity of alcohol-transforming enzymes in alcoholism]. 946 45

Since it has been reported that amino acids have alleviating effects on ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced toxicity, we investigated the effect of liver hydrolysate derived from bovine liver on ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced toxicity and deficiency models of mice and rats in the present study. Liver hydrolysate improved the deficiencies of beam walking and food intake of mice in a dose-dependent fashion when challenged with ethanol at the dose of 5 ml/kg, p.o. According to the analysis using selective inhibitors for alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, it has been suggested that this improvement effect of liver hydrolysate is mainly due to the reduction of acetaldehyde toxicity. No effect of liver hydrolysate was found in coma and death produced by orally treated ethanol at 10 ml/kg. In contrast, liver hydrolysate dose-dependently decreased the coma and death of mice administered acetaldehyde at 1.8 ml/kg, p.o. Furthermore, an increase in serum GPT activity, which was caused by twice oral administration of acetaldehyde at 1.2 ml/kg at interval of 1 hr, was inhibited by liver hydrolysate. These results suggest that liver hydrolysate has a protective effect against ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced toxicity.
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PMID:[Effect of liver hydrolysate on ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced deficiencies]. 955 50

Alcoholism is one of the most frequent addictions and an important subject in forensic medicine and clinical toxicology. Several laboratory abnormalities are associated with excessive alcohol consumption. They are useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism especially during the follow-up of various treatment programs. The biological markers mostly used for diagnosis of alcoholism are presented. Especially, methods for the determination of the following diagnostic tools are reviewed: congener alcohols, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-hexosaminidase, erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio, macrocytosis, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, (apo)lipoproteins, fatty acid ethyl esters, blood acetate, acetaldehyde adducts, 5-hydroxytryptophol, dolichol and condensation products. No laboratory test exists that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis of alcoholism. The combination of physician interview, questionnaire and laboratory markers is necessary for the diagnosis of alcoholism.
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PMID:Determination of biological markers for alcohol abuse. 970 May 62

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a country liquor Toddy (Coconut palm wine) and an equivalent quantity of ethanol on liver function and lipid metabolism in utero. Female albino rats with an average weight of 125 +/- 5 g were exposed to Toddy from coconut palm (24.5 ml/kg body weight/day) and ethanol (0.52 ml/kg body weight/day) for 15 days before conception and during pregnancy. On day 13 and day 19 of gestation, altered liver function and hyperlipidemia were seen in the fetuses of both the treated groups. Altered liver function was evidenced by the increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (aspartate amino transferase (GOT)), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (alanine amino transferase (GPT)). Hyperlipidemia was caused by increased biosynthesis since the incorporation of 14C acetate into lipids and activities of HMG CoA reductase and lipogenic enzymes were elevated. Toddy treated fetuses were more severely affected than those exposed to an equivalent quantity of ethanol. Toddy seemed to potentiate the toxicity induced by alcohol suggesting the role of non alcoholic components. Hepatic functions of the day 13 fetuses were effected to a lesser degree than those in the day 19 hepatic liver.
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PMID:Effect of in utero exposure of Toddy (coconut palm wine) on liver function and lipid metabolism in rat fetuses. 995 82

In Asians from the Pacific rim countries, alcohol sensitivity has been attributed mainly to a highly prevalent polymorphism in low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). Chronic alcohol abuse may accelerate or aggravate the liver injury in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. In this study, we examined the relationships among alcohol intake, ALDH2 genotypes, and liver injury in a high HCV-prevalent Japanese native island population. The ALDH2 genotypes are significantly associated with drinking habits. In HCV RNA positive subjects, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), were significantly higher in habitual drinkers than in nonhabitual drinkers. In male habitual drinkers, the ALDH2*1/*1 subjects had higher liver necroinflammatory scores than the ALDH2*1/*2 subjects in all groups classified as: I, anti-HCV-seronegative; II, anti-HCV-seropositive with negative HCV RNA; and III, HCV RNA positive, although scores for the latter two groups were not statistically significant because of limited sample size. It was suggested that the liver function might be affected by the interaction between the ALDH2 genotypes and alcohol intake. These findings indicate that HCV-infected ALDH2*1/*1 habitual drinkers are the major target for the prevention of alcoholic liver diseases.
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PMID:Effects of alcohol intake and low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase on hepatic function in a high hepatitis C virus-prevalent Japanese island population. 1023 13

Picroliv, the active constituent isolated from the plant Picrorhiza kurroa, was evaluated as a hepatoprotective agent against ethanol-induced hepatic injury in rats. Alcohol feeding (3.75 g/kg x45 days) produced 20-114% alteration in selected serum (AST, ALT and ALP) and liver markers (lipid, glycogen and protein). Further, it reduced the viability (44-48%) of isolated hepatocytes (ex vivo) as assessed by Trypan blue exclusion and rate of oxygen uptake. Its effect was also seen on specific alcohol-metabolizing enzymes (aldehyde dehydrogenase, 41%; acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 52%) in rat hepatocytes. The levels of these enzymes were found to be reduced in the cells following alcohol intoxication. Ethyl alcohol also produced cholestasis (41-53%), as indicated by reduction in bile volume, bile salts and bile acids. Picroliv treatment (3-12 mg/kg p.o. x45 days) restored the altered parameters in a dose-dependent manner (36-100%).
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PMID:Ex vivo and in vivo investigations of picroliv from Picrorhiza kurroa in an alcohol intoxication model in rats. 1047 71


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