Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In glycogen storage disease type III (glycogen debranching enzyme (DE) deficiency), the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase may be strikingly elevated during childhood but are low during adult life. To determine the pattern of the elevated serum enzyme activities in relationship to diet, the biochemical subtype and clinical symptoms, 13 patients with DE deficiency were studied. Activities of serum aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were markedly elevated during infancy. Continued elevation of enzyme activities during childhood appeared to be related to DE deficiency in liver, but unrelated to DE deficiency in muscle. Activity elevations correlated inconsistently with diet and poorly with childhood growth rate or the presence of hypoglycaemia. The serum enzyme activities declined around puberty concomitantly with a decrease in liver size. Although periportal fibrosis and micronodular cirrhosis indicated the presence of hepatocellular damage during childhood, the decline in serum enzyme activities with age and the absence of overt hepatic dysfunction suggest that the fibrotic process may not always progress.
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PMID:Glycogen debranching enzyme deficiency: long-term study of serum enzyme activities and clinical features. 129 83

It has been suggested that depletion of donor hepatic glycogen reserves deleteriously affects the resistance of the hepatic graft to ischemic episodes. In this study, performed in the pig model, we showed that it is possible to enhance the quality of the graft at the time of reperfusion by using a method which rapidly restores the donor hepatic glycogen reserves. With the aid of an isolated liver perfusion model, we compared grafts (n = 24) harvested from pigs fed (group N), fasted for 24h (group J), or fasted with a restoration of glycogen reserves (group P). After the grafts were subjected to 8 hours of cold ischemia, the release of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase in the perfusate increased in group J (P < 0.05 vs group N); the increase was corrected in group P (P < 0.05 vs group J). When the grafts were subjected to 15 minutes warm ischemia prior to the liver harvest, the production of bile was reduced in group J (P < 0.05 vs group N); bile production was reestablished in group P (P < 0.05 vs group J). The clinical application of such a method of donor nutritional conditioning, in the hours which precede organ harvesting, may enhance the quality of the hepatic graft at the time of transplantation.
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PMID:[Enhancement of the quality of hepatic graft by restoration of hepatic glycogen reserves in the donor]. 129 69

Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) virus and a new strain of Ebola virus were isolated concurrently in recently imported cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) being maintained in a quarantine facility. Ebola virus had never been isolated in the U.S. previously and was presumed to be highly pathogenic for humans. A chronology of events including measures taken to address the public health concerns is presented. The clinicopathologic features of the disease were abrupt anorexia, splenomegaly, marked elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, with less prominent elevations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and other serum chemistry parameters. Histologically, fibrin deposition, hemorrhage, and necrosis of lymphoid cells and reticular mononuclear phagocytes were present in the spleens of SHF and of Ebola virus-infected animals. Intravascular fibrin thrombi and hemorrhage were also present in the renal medulla and multifocally in the gastrointestinal tract. Necrosis of lymphoid and epithelial cells was occasionally noted in the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathologic findings considered specific for Ebola virus infection include hepatocellular necrosis, necrosis of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and interstitial pneumonia, all of which were generally associated with the presence of 1 to 4 mu intracytoplasmic amphophilic inclusion bodies. The disease spread within rooms despite discontinuation of all direct contact with animals, and droplet or aerosol transmission was suspected. Antibody to Ebola virus developed in animal handlers but no clinical disease was noted, suggesting a less virulent strain of virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Combined simian hemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys. 131 46

We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. 132 Jan 64

A 59-year-old woman who had undergone a Whipple's operation for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, developed septic fever of up to 40 degrees C on the fourth postoperative day, accompanied by severe upper abdominal pain and local guarding on palpation over the liver. Her general condition markedly and quickly deteriorated. Liver abscess was suspected. Computed tomography demonstrated a hypodense, wedge-shaped lesion in the right lobe of the liver without any abscess capsule. Liver infarction was diagnosed when injection of contrast medium failed to show any increase in density. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the wedge-shaped signal-rich lesion. Laboratory tests revealed a leucocytosis of 30,000/microliters, a postoperative rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (up to 800 U/l), gamma-glutamyl transaminase (up to 190 U/l) and lactate dehydrogenase (up to 320 U/l), while GOT and GPT activities remained within normal limits throughout. Fever subsided within 3 weeks. --It is stressed that, if a patient's condition worsens after a major abdominal operation, liver infarction should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Modern imaging methods have increased the frequency of this diagnosis. They, together with the clinical picture and the pattern of biochemical tests, make it possible to distinguish reliably infarction from liver abscess.
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PMID:[Liver infarction after Whipple's surgery. Diagnosis based on clinical course and imaging procedures]. 134 77

A biosensor system for continuous flow determination of plural enzyme activities was prepared from the combination of two pyruvate sensors, a prereactor and a flow cell. This system was applied to the simultaneous determination of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the same sample. These enzyme activities can be determined by measuring pyruvate produced by the enzyme reactions as follows. The amount of pyruvic acid can also be determined from the amount of oxygen consumed upon oxidation of pyruvic acid by pyruvate oxidase. (Formula: see text). Therefore, both of the detectors for the determination of lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities were prepared from the combination of a pyruvate oxidase membrane and an oxygen electrode. Pyruvate oxidase was covalently immobilized on a membrane prepared from cellulose triacetate. A linear relation was obtained between the output current and LDH or GPT activities in the range of 50 to 3,600 IU l-1 or 6 to 1,000 IU l-1, respectively. Each assay of these enzyme activities was completed within 15 min. The results obtained had a precision of ca. 4%. The sensor was stable for more than 25 days at 5 degrees C.
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PMID:Biosensor system for continuous flow determination of enzyme activities. II. Simultaneous determination of plural enzyme activities. 136 28

The rosy barb (Puntius conchonius) was exposed to copper (Cu) for short (48 hr) and long (8 weeks) terms and effects on enzyme activities and biochemical variables in the blood and tissues were examined. In vivo exposure to 571 micrograms CuSO4/liter (96-hr median tolerance limit (TLm)) for 48 hr stimulated to varying degrees acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AlP) (except in the liver), and acetylcholinesterase activities in selected tissues. The alanine aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (except in the heart) activities were inhibited to varying degrees in vivo. In vitro, the presence of 10(-6) M Cu suppressed enzyme activities in the tissues examined, with a few exceptions such as AcP in ovaries and gut, AlP in liver, gills, gut, and testes, and LDH in liver. Hyperglycemia, hyperlactemia, hyperproteinemia, elevated blood free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and hypocholesterolemia were manifested in the fish exposed to 190 micrograms CuSO4/liter (1/3 96-hr TLm). Effects on the tissues included glycogenolysis (liver and skeletal muscles), glycogenesis (brain and heart), a marked rise in hepatic proteins, accumulation of FFAs in liver and skeletal muscles, and reduction in hepatic and gonadal cholesterol contents. After 8 weeks, a trend toward recovery was noted in the biochemical variables (except blood and hepatic protein levels).
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PMID:Short- and long-term effects of copper on the rosy barb (Puntius conchonius Ham.). 137 34

After 18 intramuscular injections of Arumalon, a 62-year-old woman with degenerative hip-joint changes developed a severe illness with fever up to 39 degrees C, swellings of the finger, hand and knee joints, as well as a local skin rash and changes in the blood (WBC 1900/microliters, platelets 113,000/microliters), and increase in liver enzymes (GOT 83 U/l, GPT 93 U/l, lactate dehydrogenase 693 U/l). Arumalon, a glucosaminoglycan-peptide complex containing a watery extract of bovine cartilage and bone marrow, is used as a cartilage-protecting medication. The close temporal relationship between the injections and the symptoms suggested that the illness was drug-induced. This view was supported by a positive lymphocyte transformation test with Arumalon and its constituents, as well as by the demonstration of Arumalon-specific antibodies in the cultured lymphocyte fluid while the serum was negative for the antibodies. The illness took a protracted course. The patient became completely free of symptoms only after a year on a maintenance dose of prednisone, 15 mg daily. As a local inflammatory reaction was noted at the very start of the Arumalon injections, presensitization against the foreign proteins in Arumalon cannot be excluded. This is also supported by the fact that the specific lymphocyte proliferation was essentially unchanged even after nine months. This case illustrates the importance of careful assessment of increased and repeated manifestations of local reaction during Arumalon treatment, in particular in view of the risk of systemic side effects.
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PMID:[The analysis of a severe side effect of a cartilage-protective agent by immunological studies]. 139 56

This study was designed to clarify the effects of changes in liver tissue glutathione (GSH) concentration on postischemic liver injury together with the effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (GCE), a prodrug of GSH, and GSH. Rats were pretreated with GSH (50 mg/kg, i.v.), or GCE (50 mg/kg, i.v.), or untreated. In each rat, liver was isolated, and liver mitochondria were prepared after 2 h of ischemia or 1 h of reperfusion following 2 h of ischemia. Mitochondrial function was measured polarographically. Liver adenine nucleotide concentrations were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Liver tissue GSH, an oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) concentrations, and activities of GSH peroxidase and GSSG reductase were determined enzymatically. Liver hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Liver tissue concentration of lipid peroxide was measured. Leakages of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and adenine nucleotides into the hepatic vein after reperfusion were also measured. Administration of GCE improved the recovery of mitochondrial function and maintained tissue GSH concentration concomitantly. Increases in liver lipid peroxide concentration after reperfusion, and leakage of liver cell enzymes and adenine nucleotides were mitigated by administration of GCE. Administration of GSH itself failed to maintain tissue GSH concentration and had no protective effects. From these results, it is concluded that in the postischemic process, free radical formation might be enhanced, and the radical scavenging system deteriorated. To enhance the radical scavenging system is a possible maneuver to prevent radical-related cell damage associated with reperfusion, because pharmacological reduction of breakdown of ATP to hypoxanthine and xanthine seems to be difficult. GCE maintained liver GSH concentrations and mitigated postischemic liver injury, concomitantly. Clinical use of GCE might be recommended.
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PMID:The effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester, a prodrug of glutathione, on ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats. 833 63

The historical and clinical features and the haematological and biochemical changes in 126 cats with hyperthyroidism are described; 125 of the cats were domestic short- or longhaired, and one was a chinchilla. There were 62 males and 64 females with a mean age of 13.0 years. The duration of signs ranged from two days to two years with a mean of 5.4 months. The historical and clinical features were weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria/polydipsia, tachycardia, hyperactivity, diarrhoea, respiratory abnormalities, other cardiac abnormalities, skin lesions, vomiting, moderately raised temperature, decreased activity, decreased appetite, congestive cardiac failure, haematuria and intermittently decreased appetite. Goitre was palpable in 123 cats. The serum total thyroxine concentrations of the cats were more than three standard deviations above the mean of the reference range. Serum total tri-iodothyronine concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 14.96 nmol/litre and were within the reference range in 11 of the cats. Mild hyperthyroidism was a much commoner cause of high normal or marginally above normal thyroid hormone concentrations than severe, concurrent, non-thyroidal illness. Other common biochemical changes were increased of serum alanine aminotransferase, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. There were minimal changes in the red cell parameters. Leucocyte changes showed two trends: a mature neutrophilia, either with or without an accompanying leucocytosis often in association with a lymphopenia, or an eosinophilia, either with or without a lymphocytosis.
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PMID:Historical, clinical and laboratory features of 126 hyperthyroid cats. 141 11


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