Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The exposure to organic solvents among 12 graffiti removers was studied. Health effects were also assessed by structured interview and a symptom questionnaire. Blood and urine samples were collected at the end of the day of air sampling. The concentrations of dichloromethane, glycol ethers, trimethylbenzenes and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in the breathing zone of each worker were measured during one working day. The 8-h time-weighted average exposure to dichloromethane ranged from 18 to 1200 mg/m3. The Swedish Permissible Exposure Limit value for dichloromethane is 120 mg/m3. The air concentrations of glycol ethers, trimethylbenzenes and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone were low or not detectable. No exposure-related deviations in the serum concentrations of creatinine, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase or hyaluronan or the urine concentrations of alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin or N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were found. Irritative symptoms of the eyes and upper respiratory tract were more prevalent than in the general population. This study demonstrates that old knowledge about work hazards is not automatically transferred to new professions. Another aspect is that the public is also exposed as the job is performed during daytime in underground stations. At least for short periods, bystanders may be exposed to high concentrations of organic solvent vapours. People with predisposing conditions, e.g. asthmatics, may risk adverse reactions.
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PMID:High exposures to organic solvents among graffiti removers. 814 35

The serum activities or concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin (BIL), cholic acid (CHOL), chenodeoxycholic acid (CHENO), and transferrin with isoelectric point 5.7, and the urinary excretion of albumin were determined among male current or former house painters (n = 135) and house carpenters (n = 71) who had worked in their trades for at least 10 years before 1970. Workers who showed a value above the 90th percentile among the carpenters in at least one of the tests ASAT, ALAT, GGT, BIL, CHOL, or CHENO were regarded as showing "possible signs of liver dysfunction". Each participant's lifetime solvent exposure was evaluated by interview. The painters were divided into categories with low, intermediate, and heavy cumulative exposure during life (LTSE) or during the most exposed year (MEYSE). All participants stated none or slight recent exposure. The prevalence of possible signs of liver dysfunction increased with solvent exposure category according to LTSE as well as MEYSE with a numerically higher risk estimate in the heavy exposure category for MEYSE than for LTSE. ALP activity increased with exposure category according to both exposure estimates. This increase seemed to be due to an interaction between exposure to solvents and current or previous long term intake of medicines potentially toxic to the liver. None of these results was affected by whether or not the subjects had been exposed to solvents during the year before the investigation. The exposure to solvents was not significantly related to any other outcome variable. It is concluded that long term heavy exposure to solvents may elicit changes in conventional liver function tests indicative of a mild chronic effect on the liver. The findings also suggest that heavy solvent exposure during short time periods is a more likely cause of the findings than lifetime cumulative solvent exposure and that an interaction between solvent exposure and medicines potentially harmful to the liver may be important in the causation of the effects.
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PMID:Liver function tests and urinary albumin in house painters with previous heavy exposure to organic solvents. 819 87

Six serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were studied in 30 cases of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). The mean serum values of alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase in cases of PEM were significantly lower than the controls, lowering being maximum in PEM Grade IV. The mean serum values of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in patients with PEM were significantly higher than the controls. The mean serum values of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase showed similar significant rise in all but PEM Grade IV. The degree of increase in the serum values of these three enzymes were maximum in cases with PEM Grade I. These findings suggest that abnormalities in blood levels of these enzymes occur in any form of PEM and these are related to the severity of the disease.
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PMID:Serum enzyme abnormalities in protein energy malnutrition. 828 27

To detect early hepatic effects of chronic exposure to low-level trichloroethylene (TCE), serum total cholesterol (T-C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and activities of three serum enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)] were determined in 148 workers (a cross-sectional study) and in 13 workers (a 2-year follow-up study) occupationally exposed to TCE in air. In the cross-sectional study, three exposure groups were defined by urinary total trichloro-compounds (U-TTC) levels of the workers [low-exposure group (n = 49): U-TTC < 10 mg/g creatinine; moderate-exposure group (n = 56): U-TTC 10- < 100; high-exposure group (n = 43): U-TTC > or = 100]. With increasing exposure levels, T-C (P = 0.143 by ANOVA) and HDL-C (P = 0.080 by ANOVA) slightly increased. The exposure, however, had no effect on the activities of the three serum enzymes. In the follow-up study, the fluctuations in U-TTC were well reflected in subclinical changes in HDL-C, AST, and GGT, but not in T-C or ALT. These results suggest that exposure to low-level TCE influences hepatic functions, affecting cholesterol metabolism rather than causing hepatic cell damage, and that these influences are subclinical and reversible. The increases in HDL-C caused by exposure to low-level TCE may be an example of "chemical hormesis" in humans.
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PMID:Subclinical and reversible hepatic effects of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. 831 14

Reference values for some haematological and plasma biochemical constituents were established in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) restrained either physically or chemically with tiletamine-zolazepam. The following variables were studied: haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, haematological indices, erythrocyte dimensions, differential count of leucocytes, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total plasma protein, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, chloride and osmolality. No haematological data have been published before but the values observed were in the general range of other artiodactyls, with the exception of the number and size of the erythrocytes which were respectively larger and smaller than in most other ruminants. Significant differences were found for a number of the variables between the values recorded in physically restrained animals and the values recorded in anaesthetised animals; they included the number of erythrocytes and related parameters, the plasma proteins and some inorganic ions.
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PMID:Haematology of Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) restrained by physical or chemical means. 833 2

Antihepatitis C virus (HCV) IgM antibodies were found in patients with both acute and chronic hepatitis C. The aims of the study were to determine the significance, in terms of liver disease and virological parameters, of anti-HCV core IgM antibodies in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and the possible relationship between the presence of these antibodies before treatment and biochemical and virological responses to interferon therapy. Sixty-one patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied. Tests for serum anti-HCV core IgM antibodies were carried out before treatment. The patients received 3 mega units of interferon alpha-2a subcutaneously thrice weekly for at least 3 months (6 months when alanine aminotransferase activity was normal at month 3). A biochemical response to interferon therapy was defined as normal alanine aminotransferase activity at the end of treatment (month 6: biochemical response) and 6 months later (month 12: sustained biochemical response). A sustained virological response was defined as serum HCV RNA negativity by a polymerase chain reaction-based detection method (PCR) in patients with normal alanine aminotransferase at month 12. Anti-HCV core IgM antibodies were detected in 28 of the 61 patients (46%). The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (including subtypes 1a and 1b) than in patients infected with other genotypes (including 2a and 3a) (57% vs. 17%; P < 0.01). No significant difference was found between IgM-positive and IgM-negative patients as regards the mean age, sex ratio, serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, the prevalence of cirrhosis in liver biopsy specimens, detection of HCV RNA by PCR, and quantitation by branched DNA assay. At month 6 of interferon therapy, normal alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly more frequent in IgM-negative than in IgM-positive patients (52% vs. 21%, respectively; P < 0.02). At month 12, normal alanine aminotransferase activity and PCR negativity were significantly more frequent in IgM-negative than in IgM-positive patients (18% vs. 0%, P < 0.04). It is concluded that anti-HCV core IgM antibodies in serum are significantly more frequent in patients infected by HCV type 1 than by other types. This suggests that their overall prevalence in patients with chronic hepatitis C in industrialized countries, where HCV type 1 accounts for the majority of infections, would be of the order of 50%, that anti-HCV core IgM antibodies are not associated with characteristic features of liver disease, and that their presence before treatment is associated with a failure of interferon alpha therapy to clear the virus.
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PMID:Significance of anti-hepatitis C virus core IgM antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 855 Dec 82

Twenty-two South Asian men and 32 European men who had abused alcohol for at least 1.5 years were studied at the time of admission for detoxification to an Alcohol and Drug Dependency unit. The self-confessed average alcohol consumption during the preceding 3 months was similar in the South Asians (mean 383 g/day) and Europeans (mean 435 g/day) but the total duration of alcohol abuse was significantly shorter in South Asians (geometric mean 7.4 years) than Europeans (geometric mean 13.1 years). The geometric mean values for the concentration of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in the serum were similar in the two ethnic groups. However, the red cell distribution width, the percentages of HbA1a+b, HbA1c and total HbA1 in red cell lysates and the activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the serum were all significantly higher in the South Asians than Europeans. The data suggest that South Asian men who abuse alcohol may be more susceptible to alcohol-related liver damage and acetaldehyde-mediated haemoglobin modification than European men who abuse alcohol to a similar extent for a considerably longer period.
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PMID:Ethnic differences in the biological consequences of alcohol abuse: a comparison between south Asian and European males. 855 53

We describe three men and two women, aged 18-50, with an occasional finding of increased aspartate and alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in the absence of any drug treatment and past or current alcohol abuse. Two patients were overweight (body mass index 29 and 32, respectively) and physical examination was normal in all but one case. Tests for hepatitis A, B and C, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma and autoimmune hepatitis were negative and metabolic diseases (Wilson's disease, haemochromatosis, alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency) were excluded by specific tests. Ultrasound liver scan revealed massive steatosis in all patients. Liver histology showed diffuse steatosis and parenchymal inflammation in all cases, with concomitant fibrosis and Mallory bodies in three of them. Findings were consistent with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a rare condition with potential progression to cirrhosis in a minority of cases. This disease, for which no treatment is currently available, must be considered in all subjects with elevated aminotransferases, in the absence of known causes of liver damage.
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PMID:Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Report of five cases and review of the literature. 878 33

Clinical course and serial liver histology of a patient who developed fatal chronic active hepatitis C after renal transplantation are presented. This patient developed persistently deranged liver biochemistry 3 months after transplantation, despite normal liver enzyme values during the preceding 3 years on hemodialysis. In addition to increased parenchymal enzyme concentrations, the levels of ductal enzymes were also markedly elevated, with peak levels of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 7 and 100 times, respectively, the normal upper limit. The patient was persistently seronegative for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, but positive for HCV RNA. Treatment with alpha-interferon for 6 months, initiated after the development of early cirrhosis, resulted in no improvement, and the patient died from liver failure 36 months after renal transplantation. Serial liver histology, examined four times from 11 months to 36 months after transplantation, showed progressive deterioration from chronic active hepatitis to cirrhosis. This patient illustrates the uncommon complication of rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal liver disease due to HCV infection after renal transplantation. Early recognition with anti-HCV and HCV RNA assays as well as histologic assessment are crucial for the identification of patients with a poor prognosis who might benefit from therapeutic intervention before irreversible liver damage.
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PMID:Clinicopathological features of hepatitis C virus antibody negative fatal chronic hepatitis C after renal transplantation. 856 57

Except for increased serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, the changes in liver function test (LFT) values during normal pregnancy have not been clearly established, mainly because most studies do not include matched controls. We therefore measured the serum values of routine liver tests including 5'-nucleotidase and total bile acids in 103 healthy pregnant women (first trimester, n = 34; second trimester, n = 36; third trimester, n = 33) and in 103 age-matched controls not receiving oral contraception. Fasting blood samples were taken. Because of hemodilution, serum albumin levels were significantly lower during all trimesters. As expected, AP activity was significantly higher in the third trimester. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) activity and total bile acid (TBA) concentrations did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was slightly higher in the second-trimester pregnant women than in controls (6.8 +/- 4.5 vs. 8.2 +/- 5.8, P = .04), although all values remained within normal limits. In pregnant women, total and free bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower during all three trimesters, as was conjugated bilirubin during the second and third trimesters. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity was significantly lower in the second and third trimesters. Serum 5'-nucleotidase activity was slightly but significantly higher in the second and third trimesters. The knowledge of these results is useful for the interpretation of LFT values and the management of liver diseases during pregnancy.
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PMID:Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 103 pregnant women and 103 matched controls. 862 Nov 29


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