Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Among 2175 patients seen over the last three years in a non-specialized department of internal medicine with no intensive care unit, 100 had supranormal serum lactic dehydrogenase activities. These patients' case-reports have been analyzed. Nearly half the patients (47/100) had a malignant disease (cancer or hemopathy). Among the remaining patients, 19 had a hepatic disorder (alcohol hepatitis in 10, viral hepatitis in 8, and isoniazide hepatitis in 1), 7 had a heart disease (heart failure with hepatomegaly in 5, myocardial infarction in 2), and 27 had various other conditions (including hemolysis in 6 and polymyositis en 3). The value of serum LDH assay is obvious in situations other than acute conditions such as myocardial infarction of pulmonary embolism; these are better known and have not been studied here as their prevalence was low among the patients enlisted in our study. In comparison to other enzymes (alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), transaminases (GOT, GPT) that were also routinely assayed in our patients, abnormal serum LDH activities are much less common and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum LDH activity indicates a serious condition, often with a fatal outcome. The "various other conditions" group includes patients with hemolysis, hepatitis and myositis; the other patients in this group either had severe infectious diseases or died suddenly in the first few days of their hospitalization before diagnosis had been established. Each etiologic group has been analyzed to asses the characteristics of patients with increased LDH activity according to each etiology. Analysis of coincident abnormalities of the other enzymes listed above shows marked differences between etiologic groups; diagnostic accuracy can thus be enhanced in certain conditions. Most patients with malignancies had poorly differentiated tumors, with metastases: 28 had an epithelial tumor, with hepatic and/or bone metastases in 23 cases, 5 had cancer of the liver, 10 had a malignant hemopathy (2 lymphomas, 5 myeloproliferative syndromes, 3 acute leukemias), and 4 had a sarcoma. Cancer of the lung is the most common malignancy (10 cases) and may be responsible for increased serum LDH activity even in patients without metastases. Serum LDH assay is of value for monitoring the course in patients with initially increased activities as it falls under effective therapy and rises during exacerbations.
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PMID:[Value and diagnostic significance of serum lactic dehydrogenase in internal medicine (author's transl)]. 628 24

Sixty-four patients over the age of 40 years, undergoing elective surgery of at least one hour's duration, were randomized to treatment with either a thromboembolic deterrent ( TED ) stocking (Kendall Co.) or subcutaneous low-dose heparin 5 000 IU every 12 hours. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (S-ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (S-ASAT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (S-gamma-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) were measured. S-ALAT increased significantly on the 5th and 10th postoperative day, from 27 +/- 2 (x +/- SE) to 40 +/- 4 (p less than 0.01) and 55 +/- 7 U/l (p less than 0.001), respectively, in the heparin group and was significantly higher in the heparin than in the TED group both on the 5th (p less than 0.01) and 10th (p less than 0.05) postoperative day. S-ASAT and S-gamma-GT increased significantly during heparin treatment, but did not differ significantly from the values of the TED group. No change in S-ALP was registered in either group. It is concluded that prophylactic treatment with low-dose heparin induces a significant increase in S-aminotransferase levels, especially in S-ALAT. The phenomenon has profound differential diagnostic implications in conditions such as pulmonary embolism and acute myocardial infarction.
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PMID:Heparin-induced increase in serum levels of aminotranferases. A controlled clinical trial. 637 73

Reference intervals for some clinical chemistry parameters in the marmoset were calculated. The effects of age (250-300 days compared with 500-550 days) and sex on the values found was investigated. Alkaline phosphatase levels decreased with age, young males having higher plasma levels than young females, but no sex differences were discernible for older animals. Levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sorbitol dehydrogenase were higher in older males than in younger females. Higher plasma iron levels were found in the males with increasing age. Age and sex effects for protein and albumin were interactive and further interpretation was therefore difficult. No significant age or sex effects were seen for cholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase or bilirubin.
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PMID:Reference intervals for some clinical chemical parameters in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): effect of age and sex. 643 Nov 85

The aim of this work is to evaluate the concentration of serum bile acids (SBA) as an index of impaired liver function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients versus usual laboratory tests of hepato-biliary system diseases. In patients with SLE the mean fasting SBA concentration was 9.6 +/- 1.4 mumol/L; in normal subjects the concentration was 2.9 +/- 0.6 mumol/L (P less than 0.01). In patients with SLE, mean gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) concentration was 31.5 +/- 5.9 mU/ml versus 10.05 +/- 1.1 mU/ml in controls (P less than 0.01). The bromsulphalein (BSP) excretion test, 45 minutes after injection, was 6.8 +/- 1% in SLE patients versus 2.8 +/- 0.4% in controls (P less than 0.02). No significant difference was found between these two groups of subjects with respect to leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AlPh), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), bilirubin serum rates. SBA rate was abnormal in 50% of the SLE patients; GGTP rate and the BSP excretion test were abnormal in 38% and 27% respectively. Our findings show the presence of an actual liver impairment in SLE patients, significantly demonstrated by fasting SBA concentration, GGTP rate and BSP excretion test. Other liver function tests are less useful in evaluating hepatic damage in SLE.
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PMID:Concentration of serum bile acids as an index of hepatic damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. 646 63

Nine different liver function tests (LFT) were assessed in 175 unselected diabetic outpatients stabilized on diet, insulin, or oral hypoglycemic drugs. In another group of 72 diabetic inpatients having diagnostic liver biopsy, relationships between LFT and histologic changes in the liver were investigated. Abnormalities in at least one of the tests were noted in 57% of the outpatients, and two tests gave pathologic results in 27%. The non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients more often had abnormal LFT results than did the insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Serum chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations were increased in 27%, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT) activities in 19%, and alanine aminotransferase (Alt) activities in 17% of the outpatients, but the increases were rarely more than twice the upper limit of normal. In multivariate analysis, outpatients who were overweight, showed poor diabetes control during a short duration of diabetes controlled by treatment with diet or oral agents, and had a mature age at onset of diabetes displayed the most significant clinical explanatory variables associated with abnormal Alt. In the inpatients, the percentages of abnormal Alt and gGT results were augmented, along with increasing severity of histologic changes, but the mean values of Alt and gGT did not differ significantly between the various histologic groups. In addition, the diabetic patients with nonspecific inflammatory changes or increase in liver fibrosis often showed normal or only minor elevations in these test values.
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PMID:Liver function tests in diabetic patients. 673 94

The concentrations of many components of the cerebrospinal fluid are much lower than in serum. Values for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are similar to those in other primates. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (18.7 U/1), creatine phosphokinase (9.9 U/1), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (13.7 U/1), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (9.2 U/1), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (3.1 U/1), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (33.0 U/1, lactate dehydrogenase (47.2 U/1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (3.9 U/1), and levels of zinc (1.0 mu g/dl), copper (2.6 mu g/dl), iron (35.9 mu g/dl) and triglycerides (33.2 mu g/dl) have not previously been reported for this species. Values for free amino acids, total protein, creatinine and urea nitrogen are compared with those of other primates. The use of gradient pore polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysing proteins of CSF is described.
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PMID:Some normal clinical chemistry values for cerebrospinal fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). 727 25

The increasing concern of industrialized societies over the potential health hazard of synthetic chemicals in the occupational environment has led to government requirements for medical laboratory screening of workers. The specific tests for such screening programs are most often selected on the basis of medical experience which utilized them in symptomatic or hospitalized populations. Required screening tests for hepatic injury including cancer in vinyl chloride workers has been systematically and prospectively studied in an industrial population working with synthetic rubber and plastics. Approximately 1300 employees were studied over a five-year period. A cohort of 969 male employees, for the purposes of analysis, were divided into a "standard" and "nonstandard" population based upon the absence or presence of significant medical disease (including liver disease). A subcohort of 120 individuals was further identified based on availabiliity of liver biopsy. Evaluation of federally required studies included alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), alanine aminotranserase (ALT, SGPT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) and bilirubin (BR). Also studied were indocyanine green clearance (ICG) and radioisotopic liver spleen scans (L-S scans). The GGTP provided the highest positive predicted value as a screening test for identifying "nonstandard" individuals (individuals with all types of medical disease) followed by ICG, AST, ALT, L-S scan, AP, and BR. In the identification of asymptomatic liver disease the GGTP had the least specificity due to a high false positive rate, while the AP provided the highest specificity. The ICG clearance however, provided the best combination of positive predictive value and sum of specificity and sensitivity. The AP provided additional increase in specificity as a follow-up study. There was no evidence that any of the other federally required tests added any additional benefit and did add significant increase in the false positive rate. These studies support the need for evaluating screening tests as to their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value, in asymptomatic individuals, before they are made established requirements.
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PMID:Effectiveness of federally required medical laboratory screening in the detection of chemical liver injury. 733 29

Reference intervals for prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) of undiluted and serial dilutions of citrated platelet-poor plasma were determined for 30 healthy dogs. The PT and APTT were similarly determined for 32 dogs with naturally occurring hepatic disease. Hepatic disease was confirmed by histopathologic examination of hepatic biopsy materials and comprised degeneration (13 dogs), inflammation (11 dogs), cirrhosis (4 dogs), and neoplasia (4 dogs). Coagulation test values were compared with serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities and Bromsulphalein retention for sensitivity in detecting hepatic disease in the dog. Coagulation test results were at variance with reference values in 66% of the 32 dogs with hepatic disease; serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased in 59%, 72%, and 75%, respectively and Bromsulphalein retention was increased in 22% of the 32 dogs. Thus, the PT and APTT were sensitive indicators of hepatic disease. However, the PT and APTT lacked specificity for any given hepatic disease. The sensitivity of the coagulation tests for detecting hepatic disease was enhanced by using dilutions of citrated platelet-poor plasma. Only 15% of dogs with hepatic disease showed variances from reference values in the coagulation tests done with undiluted plasma, but 66% showed variances in the tests with dilutions of plasma. Coagulation tests were also done in 13 dogs with normal hepatic function amd morphology, but with various extrahepatic diseases: chronic renal disease (5 dogs), dirofilariasis (4 dogs), encephalitis (1 dog), cutaneous disease (2 dogs), and femoral fracture (1 dog). Twelve of the 13 dogs had coagulation test values within the reference intervals.
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PMID:Alterations of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in dogs with hepatic disease. 734 May 74

Large doses of retinol (vitamin A) have been shown to potentiate the hepatotoxicity of several chemicals in rats. The objective of this study was to determine how retinol would affect the pulmonary and hepatic toxicity caused by 1-nitronaphthalene (1-NN). All-trans-retinol (75 mg/kg/day, po) was administered for 7 days to male Sprague-Dawley rats. One day after the last dose of retinol, animals were given a single injection of 1-NN (100 mg/kg, ip). At 24 hr, animals receiving retinol vehicle and 1-NN exhibited respiratory distress syndrome and chromodacryorrhea. Pulmonary morphological changes included necrosis and exfoliation of the bronchiolar epithelium, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells into the interstitial areas around affected bronchioles. The bronchioalveolar lavage fluid from these animals exhibited significant increases in the activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as protein and inflammatory cell content. Following pretreatment with retinol, none of the animals treated with 1-NN exhibited outward signs of toxicity. In addition, the lavage fluid of these rats revealed significant reductions in inflammatory cells, protein, and LDH activity. However, lavage fluid GGT activity was significantly increased. Morphological evaluation of the lungs revealed nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell damage with no associated inflammation. Retinol pretreatment resulted in potentiated hepatotoxicity as indicated by increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase and GGT activities, as well as plasma total bilirubin. The altered plasma enzyme activities correlated with increased hepatocyte and bile duct epithelial necrosis, as well as an increased infiltration of neutrophils into the areas around bile ducts. Retinol potentiation of 1-NN-induced hepatocyte necrosis was significantly reduced following pretreatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3). From these experiments, we conclude that in the lung pretreatment with retinol decreased the severity of 1-NN-induced toxicity apparently by an anti-inflammatory mechanism. In the liver, retinol potentiated 1-NN-induced liver injury apparently through a proinflammatory mechanism by activating Kupffer cells and increasing the infiltration of neutrophils into the periportal regions adjacent to bile ducts.
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PMID:All-trans-retinol alteration of 1-nitronaphthalene-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury by modulation of associated inflammatory responses in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. 759 3

Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is a suspected human carcinogen. Its metabolite, chloroethylene epoxide, is able to alkylate the DNA molecule and to produce single strand breakage (SSB). A total of 244 workers from 4 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing factories were recruited to assess the SSB of their peripheral lymphocyte DNA. The method of alkaline unwinding and hydroxyapatite chromatography was used to detect and calculate frequencies of SSB. In addition, hepatitis B and C markers and the liver function of the workers were also examined. The worker's cumulative exposures to VCM were retrospectively constructed from the current monitoring data and each worker's job history. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to predict the worker's level of SSB and liver functions based on various exposure indices and variables, such as age, sex, smoking, drinking, and hepatitis markers. The results showed that current smoking and drinking status, and the presence of VCM exposures on the previous day were 3 major determinants of the level of SSB. Among the liver function tests, only gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was associated with current VCM exposures. In contrast, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were mainly affected by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). We conclude that GGT should be considered to be included in the regular health screening of VCM workers, and that the SSB method may not be suitable for long-term monitoring of cumulative exposure because of the quick DNA repair mechanism in humans.
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PMID:Changes in lymphocyte single strand breakage and liver function of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer. 761 65


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