Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Normal values for a number of blood components of grivet monkeys are reported. Haematological data and values for glucose, cholesterol and urea are similar to those of rhesus monkeys. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (1526 U/l), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (30.9 U/l), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (13.7 U/l), lactate dehydrogenase (629 U/l), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (175 U/l), creatine phosphokinase (227 U/l), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (38.7 U/l) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (14.2 U/l), and levels of lysozyme (178 mg/dl), zinc (162 microgram/dl), copper (81.3 microgram/dl) and iron (296.5 microgram/dl) have not previously been reported for this animal. Values for serum amino acids, proteins, electrolytes, triglycerides and creatinine are compared with those of other primates.
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PMID:Normal values for some whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). 11 24

To assess effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver function adult male rhesus monkeys were treated with a single oral dose of acetone/corn oil (control) or 5, 25, or 75 micrograms/kg TCDD. Each monkey was used as its own control and indocyanine green (ICG) blood clearance and the following serum enzymes: glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP), were measured at regular intervals for 4 weeks before and 17 weeks after treatment. In control monkeys ICG blood clearance and serum enzymes were similar before and after treatment. However, in the monkey that received 5 micrograms/kg TCDD there was a mild increase in ICG blood clearance followed by a slight decrease. The magnitude of this biphasic change was greater in monkeys that received 25 and 75 micrograms/kg TCDD and the decrease in clearance was invariably associated with a 1--2-week period before the monkeys died. SDH and SGPT activities were elevated at some time during the course of intoxication in all TCDD-treated monkeys but gamma GTP activity was not altered. The monkey treated with 5 micrograms/kg TCDD survived but monkeys treated with 25 and 75 micrograms/kg died 4--6 weeks after treatment. Light microscopy of the livers of TCDD-treated monkeys that died revealed fatty infiltration with minimal hepatocellular necrosis.
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PMID:Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on indocyanine green blood clearance in rhesus monkeys. 12 Jun 21

The acute hepatotoxic effects of vinylidene chloride (VDC) were evidenced by measurement of the increase in the serum levels of the aminotransferase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and histological examinations in rats. The hepatoprotective agents dithiocarb and (+)-cyanidanol-3 proved well able to antagonize these toxic effects of VDC. While dithiocarb inhibited the in vivo metabolism of VDC in a closed exposure system, (+)-cyanidanol-3 had no influence at all. These findings substantiate the role of the microsomal monooxygenase system in the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of VDC. The mechanisms by which dithiocarb and (+)-cyanidanol-3 act as antihepatotoxic agents are different: the inhibition of the metabolic activation by dithiocarb and free radical-scavenging by (+)-cyanidanol-3.
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PMID:Effects of dithiocarb and (+)-cyanidanol-3 on the hepatotoxicity and metabolism of vinylidene chloride in rats. 23 19

In rats, 3 days treatment with paracetamol (1 oral dose of 1 g/kg daily) produced a complete protection against the hepatotoxic actions of a further dose of paracetamol as documented by determination of serum enzyme activities (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), bromsulphthalein retention and histological investigations. Subacute paracetamol treatment decreased liver glutathione levels by 46%, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content by 23%, hepatic hydroxylation of aniline by 29% and hepatic demethylation of aminopyrine by 46%. It afforded also some protection against the hepatotoxic actions of carbon tetrachloride, bromobenzene and thioacetamide, but did not influence the antiphlogistic activity of paracetamol (carrageenan paw edema test). Plasma and liver concentrations of free paracetamol after oral administration of 1 g/kg paracetamol were somewhat higher in the subacutely paracetamol-pretreated rats than in the non-pretreated control animals whereas no differences in the concentrations of conjugated paracetamol were found between the 2 groups. Pretreatment with paracetamol did not influence the urinary excretion of free paracetamol but caused some shift in the urinary excretion of paracetamol conjugates: pretreated rats excreted 23% less of the paracetamol glucuronide and sulfate and 33% more of the paracetamol mercapturate than the control animals. A depression of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity is presumed to be the main cause of the paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Studies on the mechanism of paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity. 47 30

Male rats provided with a 5 or 15% (v/v) ethanol solution as the sole source of fluid consumed ethanol at a rate of 11.4 or 24.9% of total calories (4.2 or 8.3 g/kg daily). After ethanol consumption lasting 1, 2 and 3 weeks the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg i.p.) was elevated by determination of serum activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ( GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and histological investigations. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage was significantly greater in rats provided with ethanol than in the tap-water consuming controls. This potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicicty was fully developed already after a 1-week exposition to ethanol and was greater in the 15% than in the 5% ethanol group. Ethanol alone did not influence serum enzyme activities but increased microsomal aniline hydroxylation. There was, however, no clear-cut parallelism between potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity and activation of aniline hydroxylation.
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PMID:Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity after low-level ethanol consumption. 70

Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.
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PMID:Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. 83 11

Changes in serum enzyme levels, liver histology and liver function tests have been correlated to determine the usefulness of these tests in assessing liver status. The effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on these parameters has been determined in a group of 20 sheep. Normal levels, elevated levels after injury and the effect of elapsed time after injury are reported for serum glutamic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-1-phosphate adlolase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins. Variation in the time of elevation of enzyme activities may be useful in determining the elapsed time between acute injury and serum sampling. In comparison to sheep fed an adequate diet, a diet with a restricted protein intake was associated with increased severity of histological lesions and decreased liver function.
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PMID:A comparison of parameters used to assess liver damage in sheep treated with carbon tetrachloride. 92 59

The dose- and time-related hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen were investigated in rats using biochemical parameters as indices of hepatotoxicity supplemented by the histopathological examination of the livers. The acute or subacute (twice daily for 7 days) administration of 0.25 g/kg acetaminophen did not produce any noticeable hepatocellular damage. On the other hand, dose-dependent elevations in serum enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels were observed following the administration of single doses of 0.5 and lg/kg acetaminophen. Maximal hepatic damage occurred 12-18 h after acute dosing, while the hepatic function returned to control levels by 48-72 h. In contrast with the acutely treated rats, the serum enzyme activities and the hepatic TG levels remained unchanged following 7-day treatment with 0.5 or 1 g/kg acetaminophen. Also, histopathologically the degree of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis was found to be far less extensive in rats given 0.5 and 1 g/kg acetaminophen twice daily for up to one week, as compared with the animals sacrificed 18 h after administering single equivalent doses of this drug. The results suggest that the liver function is reversibly impaired following acetaminophen overdosage, and that the intensity of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity becomes less severe after repeated exposure to this hepatotoxin.
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PMID:Serum enzyme activities and hepatic triglyceride levels in acute and subacute acetaminophen-treated rats. 94 Nov 68

Because of the difficulties in drawing blood for clinical chemistry in small laboratory animals there exist many methods for sampling blood and the preparation of serum, none of which is generally accepted or well standardised. It was the aim of this study to investigate the effects of sampling techniques on normal values of enzyme activities in the serum of rat and mouse. The activities of the following enzymes were determined: sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, myokinase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase. In addition plasmaproteins, urea and inorganic phosphorus were measured. In rats blood was obtained from the following sites: retroorbital venous plexus, jugular vein, heart and ventral aorta. In mice blood was sampled from the jugular vein and the ventral aorta. Shifts of water from the interstitial to the intravascular space due to hypovolemia occurring during the experimental procedure were followed up by measuring the hematocrit and the distribution of radioiodide labelled albumin. In rats the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase and myokinase found in blood serum obtained from the retroorbital venous plexus and the ventral aorta were too high compared to the other sampling sites. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were slightly elevated when blood was sampled from the punctured retroorbital venous plexus. Small differences in plasmaproteins and hematocrit values were found to be due to acute shifts of water within the extracellular space. In mice the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and myokinase were found to be too high in blood serum obtained from the ventral aorta. Efflux of enzymes from damaged cells and the interstitial space ive caused erroneous results too, but only to a minor extent. The most reliable method for blood sampling in rat and mouse is the cannulation of the jugular vein. The heart puncture can be recommended too. Attention should be paid, however, to the possibility of aspirating disrupted muscle cells through the inserted needle.
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PMID:[Effects of blood sampling on enzyme activities in the serum of small laboratory animals (author's transl)]. 108 84

We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. 132 Jan 64


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