Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aztreoman (SQ 26,776, AZT), a synthetic monobactam antibiotic, was applied clinically in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. AZT was administered by intravenous drip infusion for 6 to 8 days at a daily dose of 2 g divided in 2 times to 5 cases. Klebsiella in 1 case with puerperal endometritis, Enterococcus, Propionibacterium and Bacteroides in each 1 case with pyometra was isolated. The clinical effect of Klebsiella was excellent. Bacteroides in 1 not-examined case was good. Enterococcus and Bacteroides with pyometra was not effective. Side effects were observed in 2 cases. One case with eclampsia arised LDH and A1-P in serum and 1 case with hepatitis arised GOT and GPT in serum.
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PMID:[Clinical experience with aztreonam in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. 383 57

Aztreonam (E-0734, AZT) was administered to pneumonia and chronic respiratory tract infections. The results were as follows: AZT was administered to 29 patients. Twenty-six cases were evaluable and 3 cases were excluded from evaluation of efficacy because 1 was Gram-positive infection, 2 were unclear symptom of infection. Pneumonia was 4 cases. Chronic respiratory tract infections were 22 cases. Clinical efficacy was judged as follows; excellent in 7 cases, good in 10 cases, fair in 5 cases and poor in 4 cases, then the efficacy rate was 65.4%. Efficacy rate in pneumonia, acute aggravation of diffuse panbronchiolitis and bronchiectasis with infection was 50%, 67% and 83%, respectively. Bacteriological response was judged on 21 cases with eradication rate was 66.7%. Bacteriological response classified by pathogen was as follows: All 6 isolates of H. influenzae, 2 in 6 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 4 in 5 isolates of H. parainfluenzae and all 3 isolates of K. pneumoniae were cleared. Total eradicated rate was 74.1%. Eruption was observed in 1 case as side effect. Abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 4 cases. Elevation of GOT and GPT was in 3 cases. Increase of eosinophil and basophil was in 1 case. AZT was considered to be a useful antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, especially chronic respiratory tract infections, caused by Gram-negative pathogens.
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PMID:[Clinical study of aztreonam on respiratory tract infections caused by gram-negative pathogens]. 391 26

Pharmacokinetics, in vitro, and in vivo effect of aztreonam (SQ 26,776, AZT), a newly synthesized monobactam antibiotic, were investigated in pediatric patients. The pharmacokinetics were studied in 12 children without renal or hepatic impairment, each of whom received single 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg intravenous doses of drug. Serial samples of serum and urine were assayed for AZT. Serum pharmacokinetics of AZT were described by an open, linear, two-compartment kinetic model. After intravenous administration, AZT was eliminated primarily by urinary excretion of unchanged drug (60.4%). The average biological half-lives of AZT in serum were 1.33 (10 mg/kg, n = 1), 1.69 +/- 0.40 (20 mg/kg, n = 8), and 1.51 +/- 0.61 (40 mg/kg, n = 3) hours. The antibacterial activity of AZT against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was equal or slightly stronger than that of CPZ, LMOX, and CTX. It had no antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive cocci. In vivo effect of AZT was evaluated in 13 children with various infections. The result was excellent in 7 cases, good in 1 case, fair in 3 cases and poor in 1 case, with effective ratio of 66.7%. Exanthema or elevation of GOT and GPT were noticed in 3 patients.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of aztreonam in pediatrics]. 409 61

Ultrastructural studies on cell cultures derived from TSP/HAM and ATL patients, show the presence of large quantities of HTLV-I viral particles in extracellular spaces and budding at the cytoplasmic membrane. In addition, mature enveloped particles and images of endopinocytosis of virions are seen in the cytoplasm vacuoles suggesting the existence of a reinfection phenomenon. In this context, we decided to investigate some features of the replicative cycle, in particular the synthesis of unintegrated proviral forms. To increase the sensitivity of detection, we applied a procedure which combines the electrophoretic separation of closed circular forms and PCR amplification. By this procedure we produced evidence for the existence of supercoiled HTLV-I DNA in established cell lines from TSP/HAM and ATL and in patients peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These HTLV-I unintegrated proviral forms may play an important role in the physiopathology of HTLV-I associated diseases. Preliminary results of AZT/interferon treatment in ALT patients are largely superior to chemotherapy. The therapeutic effect of AZT, it known inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, may be through its inhibition of the synthesis of HTLV-I unintegrated proviral DNA.
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PMID:Unintegrated HTLV-I proviral DNA in cell lines and uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP/HAM) and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients. 799 13

In this pilot study of the effects of interferon alfa in 10 anti-HIV positive, chronic hepatitis B patients treated with zidovudine (AZT), tolerance to interferon was good and similar to that in anti-HIV negative patients. After treatment, the HIV stage and CD4 lymphocyte count were unchanged. In two patients hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) disappeared and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) returned to normal; loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with absence of histopathological activity was observed after treatment in one of these patients. These preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger study.
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PMID:Recombinant alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis B in anti-HIV positive patients receiving zidovudine. 831 71

A retrospective analysis of 99 hepatitis B-positive homosexual men with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was conducted to study the interaction of concurrent HIV infection on the course of their chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All 99 subjects had chronic hepatitis B, 43 of whom were HIV antibody negative and 56 of whom were HIV antibody positive at the time of their initial presentation. Serial serum aminotransferase levels were used as an indirect estimate of the severity of hepatic inflammation. Factors that may influence the course of hepatitis B, HIV status, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) status, alcohol intake, and zidovudine (AZT) therapy were correlated with aminotransferase values. Overall, there was no difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels between HIV antibody-negative and HIV antibody-positive patients. There is a higher prevalence rate of HBeAg in HIV antibody-positive patients (p < 0.05), and the seroconversion rate from HBeAg to HBeAb was lower in HIV antibody-positive patients compared with HIV antibody-negative patients (p < 0.05). However, reactivation rates from HBeAb to HBeAg were no different in the HIV antibody-positive and negative hepatitis B carriers. With mild, moderate, or heavy alcohol intake, we observed no statistically significant difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase levels and no mean serum aspartate aminotransferase levels between HIV antibody-negative patients versus HIV antibody-positive patients. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the pattern of serum aminotransferase in those subjects treated with or without AZT. The mortality rates were higher in HIV antibody-positive patients (n = 8) compared with in HIV antibody-negative patients (n = 2). Seventy-five percent (n = 6) of the HIV antibody-positive patients died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and overall only two patients died of liver disease, one in each group. We conclude that there is no overt influence by HIV or the treatment thereof on the course of chronic HBV infection in a population of homosexual men. In HIV-infected patients, death from AIDS predominated; hence, the main target for therapy should be HIV rather than HBV.
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PMID:The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis B virus infection in infected homosexual men. 877 27

We performed a pilot study to evaluate the factors associated with response to interferon (IFN) therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfected haemophiliacs. Seven haemophiliacs, coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV), received 9 mega-units (MU) of natural IFN-alpha daily during the first 2 weeks and then three times a week for 22 weeks, all injected subcutaneously. Six patients were receiving zidovudine (AZT) 600 mg day-1 and didanosine (ddI) 200 mg day(-1) during IFN therapy. This treatment was safe and well tolerated. Four patients had no detectable serum HCV-RNA at the end of therapy, but long-term, none of the seven patients achieved a sustained response, i.e. undetectable serum HCV-RNA with persistently normal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 6 months after therapy. IFN did not affect CD4-positive cell counts. Most of our patients had high HCV-RNA loads and/or low CD4 counts, both unfavourable markers for IFN therapy. In conclusion, IFN therapy did not eradicate HCV from haemophiliacs coinfected with HIV.
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PMID:Poor response to interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-infected haemophiliacs. 1112 95

Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are important causes of mortality and morbidity in patients treated by haemodialysis (HD). Both are further promoted by the characteristic immunological dysfunction that develops in renal failure and interferes with the patient's ability to eliminate these viruses. The hepatotropic viruses A through G remain the causative agents in 60 to 80% of hepatitis. But, as far as HD is concerned, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the two most important organisms responsible for almost all the patients' morbidity. In HD, both patients as well as staff are at a high risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection. The prevalence of HBV in the dialysis population in India is reported to range between 3.4% and 42%. The acute course of the infection is often anicteric and peak transaminase concentration is significantly less than in patients with normal renal function. Up to 60% of dialysis patients with HBV infection develop chronic hepatitis with persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and infectivity. The risk of transmission of HBV infection due to blood from one patient to another is mostly because of inadequate precautions taken by the dialysis staff. Combined therapy with interferon (6-10 million units) three times a week and lamivudine (100-300 mg/day) would be more effective in controlling viral replication. The most important modality for prevention of HBV infection is induction of immunity by hepatitis B vaccination. Administration of 40 microg doses at months 0, 1, 2 and 6 is the most rapid immunogenic schedule. The prevalence of HCV in HD patients ranges from 6% in the United Kingdom to 60% in Poland and Eastern Europe, 8-36% in North America. HD patients in different parts of India exhibit high anti-HCV positivity (12.1%, 45.2%, 33.3% and 41.9%) in various studies. The incidence and prevalence of HCV infection among patients on dialysis in developed countries are steadily declining because of (i) reduction in post-transfusion HCV infection, (ii) infection control measures to prevent nosocomial infection. Among HD patients with HCV infection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) levels are elevated in only 4 to 67% patients who are positive for anti-HCV, in only 12 to 31% patients with HCV RNA and only in one-third of those with biopsy proven hepatitis. Number of blood transfusion, duration of HD treatment, and mode of dialysis are important risk factors. Patient to patient transmission of HCV occurs in HD units by needle stick injury, breakdown in standard infection control practices, physical proximity to an infected patient, dialysis machines, dialysis membranes and HD ultrafiltrate and reprocessing of dialyser. The prevalence of HIV infection in dialysis populations varies according to different countries and geographic areas, 0% and 13% in 1990 and 1995 respectively. There was no evidence of transmission within the centre transmission, from patient to patient or patient to staff. Antiretroviral therapy is the corner-stone of the HIV infection in end stage renal disease (ESRD). Most commonly, zidovudine (AZT) has been used in these patients. Currently recommended dose of 200 mg three times a day is probably safe in these patients.
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PMID:Hepatitis and HIV infection during haemodialysis. 1166 25

To determine the incidence of clinically significant adverse events after long-term, fixed-dose, generic highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use among HIV-infected individuals in South India, we examined the experiences of 3154 HIV-infected individuals who received a minimum of 3 months of generic HAART between February 1996 and December 2006 at a tertiary HIV care referral center in South India. The most common regimens were 3TC + d4T + nevirapine (NVP) (54.8%), zidovudine (AZT) + 3TC + NVP (14.5%), 3TC + d4T + efavirenz (EFV) (20.1%), and AZT + 3TC + EFV (5.4%). The most common adverse events and median CD4 at time of event were rash (15.2%; CD4, 285 cells/microL) and peripheral neuropathy (9.0% and 348 cells/microL). Clinically significant anemia (hemoglobin <7 g/dL) was observed in 5.4% of patients (CD4, 165 cells/microL) and hepatitis (clinical jaundice with alanine aminotransferase > 5 times upper limits of normal) in 3.5% of patients (CD4, 260 cells/microL). Women were significantly more likely to experience lactic acidosis, while men were significantly more likely to experience immune reconstitution syndrome (p < 0.05). Among the patients with 1 year of follow-up, NVP therapy was significantly associated with developing rash and d4T therapy with developing peripheral neuropathy (p < 0.05). Anemia and hepatitis often occur within 12 weeks of initiating generic HAART. Frequent and early monitoring for these toxicities is warranted in developing countries where generic HAART is increasingly available.
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PMID:Spectrum of adverse events after generic HAART in southern Indian HIV-infected patients. 1842 62

Prolonged zidovudine (AZT) treatment in HIV-infected and AIDS patients is shown to induce liver toxicity leading to complications. Therapeutic regimen that could encounter this adverse effect is unavailable and management of toxicity is often symptomatic or is limited to withdrawal of therapy. In the present investigation, we evaluated the alleviating properties of silibinin (SBN), a flavanolignan obtained from Silybum marianum against subacute AZT-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. AZT treatment (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) periorally (p.o.), daily for 45 days) caused highly significant increases in alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, argininosuccinic acid lyase and bilirubin in serum. Oxidative stress is shown by a highly significant increase in lipid peroxidase and total carbonyl content and decrease in catalase and protein thiols in the liver tissue. Hyperlipidaemia is indicated by highly significant increase in total lipids and free fatty acid in serum. Evaluation of liver by haematoxylin and eosin staining shows parenchymal cell enlargement, inflammatory changes and increase in sinusoidal spaces. Simultaneous treatment of SBN (100 mg/kg b.w. p.o., daily for 45 days) significantly protected the liver against hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia induced by AZT, and this alleviating property is attributed to hepatoprotective, membrane-stabilizing, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of SBN.
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PMID:Silibinin mitigates zidovudine-induced hepatocellular degenerative changes, oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia in rats. 2558


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